Data for 1998

Export Concentration Index, 1998

Name: Export Concentration Index, 1998
Creator: UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
License: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/About.html#TERMS_OF_USE

1998, as UNCTAD’s 2026 release gives it · stored as published, never rewritten

The export concentration index measures how far a country's merchandise exports are concentrated in a few products rather than spread across many. It runs from 0, exports spread evenly across every product group, to 1, a single product — the classic measure of how exposed a country's export earnings are to the price of one or two goods.

Export Concentration Index, 1998 covers 204 countries on 3 measures. Iraq is highest, at 0.96043; Italy is lowest, at 0.05395. The middle country reads 0.30525. Against 1997, 204 values changed (95 up, 109 down), the same countries are covered.

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Export Concentration Index · Data for 1998

HighestIraq

0.96043

LowestItaly

0.05395

Shaded by value in five groups of equal size, darkest at the highest end.

204countries
3measures per country
1998the year it describes
203distinct values6 decimals, as published
Sep 29, 2026read from the publisher
CC BY 3.0 IGOlicence

01Values only

The table

Every country and every column of Export Concentration Index, 1998, as published. The file carries values only, so no position is shown. “=” marks a shared position.

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Showing 25 of 204 countries · select a heading to sort

Export Concentration Index, 1998: every country, as published by UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

Iraq`IRQ`Western Asia	0.96043	0.79222	43	Estimated
Guam`GUM`Micronesia	0.92287	0.50225	9	Estimated
Nigeria`NGA`Western Africa	0.87009	0.89334	147	Estimated
Mali`MLI`Western Africa	0.86407	0.83885	82	Estimated
Micronesia`FSM`Micronesia	0.85660	0.55945	4	Estimated
Angola`AGO`Middle Africa	0.84832	0.83484	41	Estimated
Burundi`BDI`Eastern Africa	0.83955	0.72152	15	Estimated
Aruba`ABW`Caribbean	0.82757	0.81356	73	Estimated
Chad`TCD`Middle Africa	0.79523	0.69641	18	Estimated
Marshall Islands`MHL`Micronesia	0.79293	0.69737	7	—
Yemen`YEM`Western Asia	0.77183	0.83606	112	Estimated
Libya`LBY`Northern Africa	0.74741	0.79679	74	Estimated
French Polynesia`PYF`Polynesia	0.74011	0.77950	46	Estimated
Palau`PLW`Micronesia	0.70166	0.61673	14	Estimated
Botswana`BWA`Southern Africa	0.69756	0.88369	128	Estimated
Equatorial Guinea`GNQ`Middle Africa	0.69331	0.67401	18	—
Gambia`GMB`Western Africa	0.68805	0.82193	12	Estimated
Oman`OMN`Western Asia	0.67890	0.70799	183	Estimated
Gabon`GAB`Middle Africa	0.67362	0.85871	62	Estimated
Nauru`NRU`Micronesia	0.65728	0.70739	10	—
Niue`NIU`Polynesia	0.65544	0.55489	12	—
Uganda`UGA`Eastern Africa	0.65464	0.87939	71	Estimated
Republic of the Congo`COG`Middle Africa	0.65456	0.82909	60	Estimated
Sierra Leone`SLE`Western Africa	0.65445	0.77075	16	Estimated
Faroe Islands`FRO`Northern Europe	0.64790	0.82716	34	Estimated
Ethiopia`ETH`Eastern Africa	0.64477	0.84223	52	Estimated
Central African Republic`CAF`Middle Africa	0.64417	0.82010	24	Estimated
Cook Islands`COK`Polynesia	0.64115	0.53608	25	Estimated
Iran`IRN`Southern Asia	0.64075	0.81839	220	Estimated
Malawi`MWI`Eastern Africa	0.64045	0.82574	55	—
Saudi Arabia`SAU`Western Asia	0.62995	0.80393	243	Estimated
Qatar`QAT`Western Asia	0.62304	0.84395	130	Estimated
Burkina Faso`BFA`Western Africa	0.62282	0.81437	66	Estimated
Liberia`LBR`Western Africa	0.61881	0.84114	22	Estimated
Cayman Islands`CYM`Caribbean	0.61495	0.69377	25	Estimated
Seychelles`SYC`Eastern Africa	0.60581	0.75798	28	Estimated
Benin`BEN`Western Africa	0.59892	0.82076	62	Estimated
Brunei`BRN`South-eastern Asia	0.59764	0.82550	94	—
Kuwait`KWT`Western Asia	0.59368	0.84318	175	Estimated
DR Congo`COD`Middle Africa	0.58716	0.83063	65	Estimated
New Caledonia`NCL`Melanesia	0.57064	0.84622	63	Estimated
Guinea`GIN`Western Africa	0.56712	0.84888	38	Estimated
Kiribati`KIR`Micronesia	0.56554	0.59325	9	Estimated. More than 30% of total trade under "931: Special transactions & commodities not classified"
São Tomé and Príncipe`STP`Middle Africa	0.54766	0.57894	27	Estimated
Mauritania`MRT`Western Africa	0.54485	0.81740	31	Estimated
Saint Lucia`LCA`Caribbean	0.53671	0.67431	34	Estimated
Algeria`DZA`Northern Africa	0.52130	0.86992	99	—
Zambia`ZMB`Eastern Africa	0.50816	0.82609	137	Estimated
Comoros`COM`Eastern Africa	0.50429	0.64850	17	Estimated
Greenland`GRL`Northern America	0.50390	0.76023	17	—
Samoa`WSM`Polynesia	0.50108	0.69280	11	Estimated
Jamaica`JAM`Caribbean	0.49766	0.78457	105	—
Rwanda`RWA`Eastern Africa	0.49210	0.79712	16	Estimated
Bermuda`BMU`Northern America	0.48301	0.73508	23	Estimated
United Arab Emirates`ARE`Western Asia	0.48208	0.64690	250	Estimated
Venezuela`VEN`South America	0.47828	0.75435	225	Estimated
Malta`MLT`Southern Europe	0.46047	0.67884	172	Estimated
Uzbekistan`UZB`Central Asia	0.45832	0.76764	164	Estimated
Somalia`SOM`Eastern Africa	0.44809	0.71849	30	—
Solomon Islands`SLB`Melanesia	0.44691	0.77725	20	Estimated
Vanuatu`VUT`Melanesia	0.44456	0.74032	14	Estimated. More than 30% of total trade under "931: Special transactions & commodities not classified"
Guinea-Bissau`GNB`Western Africa	0.43665	0.63722	12	Estimated
Cabo Verde`CPV`Western Africa	0.42921	0.71509	17	Estimated
Syria`SYR`Western Asia	0.42861	0.77651	151	Estimated
Grenada`GRD`Caribbean	0.42665	0.64638	23	Estimated. More than 30% of total trade under "931: Special transactions & commodities not classified"
American Samoa`ASM`Polynesia	0.42640	0.53460	22	Estimated
Philippines`PHL`South-eastern Asia	0.42023	0.62835	223	—
Tajikistan`TJK`Central Asia	0.41640	0.83150	75	Estimated
Cuba`CUB`Caribbean	0.41614	0.86286	117	Estimated
Bahrain`BHR`Western Asia	0.40882	0.77812	173	Estimated
Togo`TGO`Western Africa	0.39661	0.78591	96	Estimated
Iceland`ISL`Northern Europe	0.38977	0.84131	94	—
Paraguay`PRY`South America	0.38948	0.81317	131	Estimated
Saint Kitts and Nevis`KNA`Caribbean	0.38922	0.66129	20	Estimated
Côte d’Ivoire`CIV`Western Africa	0.38800	0.80844	177	Estimated
Tonga`TON`Polynesia	0.38268	0.62376	17	Estimated
Suriname`SUR`South America	0.38211	0.81173	45	Estimated
Niger`NER`Western Africa	0.37958	0.75692	71	Estimated
Bangladesh`BGD`Southern Asia	0.37951	0.82939	126	Estimated
Northern Mariana Islands`MNP`Micronesia	0.37007	0.54301	36	—
Azerbaijan`AZE`Western Asia	0.36950	0.72106	135	Estimated
Ghana`GHA`Western Africa	0.36841	0.80790	128	Estimated
Haiti`HTI`Caribbean	0.35981	0.67851	52	Estimated
Turkmenistan`TKM`Central Asia	0.35371	0.75910	85	Estimated
Mauritius`MUS`Eastern Africa	0.35317	0.83375	141	Estimated
Lesotho`LSO`Southern Africa	0.35247	0.87383	34	Estimated
Mongolia`MNG`Eastern Asia	0.34933	0.79732	54	Estimated
Kyrgyzstan`KGZ`Central Asia	0.34756	0.74862	140	Estimated
Ecuador`ECU`South America	0.34589	0.78328	155	—
Mozambique`MOZ`Eastern Africa	0.34500	0.79356	75	Estimated. More than 30% of total trade under "931: Special transactions & commodities not classified"
Macau`MAC`Eastern Asia	0.33911	0.79069	144	Estimated
British Virgin Islands`VGB`Caribbean	0.33902	0.69732	25	—
Guyana`GUY`South America	0.33789	0.81100	66	Estimated
Namibia`NAM`Southern Africa	0.33598	0.79102	175	Estimated
Cyprus`CYP`Western Asia	0.33142	0.58086	168	—
Dominica`DMA`Caribbean	0.32903	0.68733	53	Estimated
Nepal`NPL`Southern Asia	0.32608	0.73042	81	Estimated
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines`VCT`Caribbean	0.32566	0.73690	23	Estimated
Cameroon`CMR`Middle Africa	0.32003	0.82105	118	Estimated
Belize`BLZ`Central America	0.31581	0.79832	47	Estimated
Trinidad and Tobago`TTO`Caribbean	0.30681	0.77383	165	Estimated
Cambodia`KHM`South-eastern Asia	0.30545	0.82227	72	Estimated
Moldova`MDA`Eastern Europe	0.30505	0.72557	131	—
Papua New Guinea`PNG`Melanesia	0.30104	0.85006	84	Estimated
Tuvalu`TUV`Polynesia	0.29555	0.50066	19	Estimated
Norway`NOR`Northern Europe	0.29393	0.62896	237	—
Maldives`MDV`Southern Asia	0.29391	0.71530	29	Estimated
Kazakhstan`KAZ`Central Asia	0.29386	0.81690	189	—
Eritrea`ERI`Eastern Africa	0.29019	0.68674	33	Estimated
Gibraltar`GIB`Southern Europe	0.28822	0.64937	63	—
Chile`CHL`South America	0.27709	0.74686	225	—
Zimbabwe`ZWE`Eastern Africa	0.26702	0.75026	205	Estimated
Kenya`KEN`Eastern Africa	0.26370	0.73681	200	Estimated
Jordan`JOR`Western Asia	0.25747	0.62212	132	—
Israel`ISR`Western Asia	0.25741	0.54582	218	—
Bhutan`BTN`Southern Asia	0.25597	0.65971	50	Estimated
Bahamas`BHS`Caribbean	0.25388	0.75671	81	Estimated
Eswatini`SWZ`Southern Africa	0.25192	0.73692	184	Estimated
Honduras`HND`Central America	0.25146	0.78956	184	Estimated
Singapore`SGP`South-eastern Asia	0.24993	0.51122	255	Estimated
Afghanistan`AFG`Southern Asia	0.24976	0.76383	48	Estimated
Albania`ALB`Southern Europe	0.24949	0.71869	91	Estimated
Colombia`COL`South America	0.24867	0.65649	215	—
Nicaragua`NIC`Central America	0.24776	0.76993	114	Estimated
Armenia`ARM`Western Asia	0.24744	0.68035	99	Estimated
Tanzania`TZA`Eastern Africa	0.24381	0.79895	123	Estimated
Fiji`FJI`Melanesia	0.24363	0.76505	109	Estimated
Myanmar`MMR`South-eastern Asia	0.24084	0.78130	104	Estimated
Laos`LAO`South-eastern Asia	0.23911	0.75043	43	Estimated
Anguilla`AIA`Caribbean	0.23776	0.48436	25	Estimated
Turks and Caicos Islands`TCA`Caribbean	0.23116	0.45500	4	Estimated. More than 30% of total trade under "931: Special transactions & commodities not classified"
Sri Lanka`LKA`Southern Asia	0.22901	0.74772	182	Estimated
Guatemala`GTM`Central America	0.22649	0.72602	184	Estimated
Costa Rica`CRI`Central America	0.22256	0.61695	204	Estimated
Russia`RUS`Eastern Europe	0.22224	0.67627	254	—
Senegal`SEN`Western Africa	0.22100	0.79273	151	Estimated
Pakistan`PAK`Southern Asia	0.22066	0.81099	162	—
Egypt`EGY`Northern Africa	0.22034	0.68480	214	Estimated
Dominican Republic`DOM`Caribbean	0.21853	0.74820	155	Estimated
Tunisia`TUN`Northern Africa	0.21746	0.67693	188	—
Montserrat`MSR`Caribbean	0.21539	0.43648	38	Estimated
Belarus`BLR`Eastern Europe	0.21185	0.54434	235	Estimated
Ireland`IRL`Northern Europe	0.20655	0.57278	240	—
Finland`FIN`Northern Europe	0.20416	0.51720	241	—
Malaysia`MYS`South-eastern Asia	0.19815	0.51586	249	—
Vietnam`VNM`South-eastern Asia	0.19349	0.56363	144	—
El Salvador`SLV`Central America	0.19309	0.66709	177	Estimated
Bosnia and Herzegovina`BIH`Southern Europe	0.19301	0.65873	154	Estimated
Peru`PER`South America	0.19223	0.76249	214	Estimated
Panama`PAN`Central America	0.19133	0.61702	180	Estimated
Madagascar`MDG`Eastern Africa	0.18503	0.73686	83	Estimated
Morocco`MAR`Northern Africa	0.18205	0.72555	202	Estimated
Bolivia`BOL`South America	0.17786	0.75962	122	Estimated
Andorra`AND`Southern Europe	0.16844	0.57760	70	Estimated
Antigua and Barbuda`ATG`Caribbean	0.16120	0.53257	57	Estimated
Uruguay`URY`South America	0.15981	0.64290	178	—
Georgia`GEO`Western Asia	0.15881	0.66881	113	—
Latvia`LVA`Northern Europe	0.15790	0.60842	221	Estimated
Barbados`BRB`Caribbean	0.15503	0.63169	117	Estimated
Croatia`HRV`Southern Europe	0.15274	0.55194	224	—
South Korea`KOR`Eastern Asia	0.14825	0.40436	241	—
North Macedonia`MKD`Southern Europe	0.14578	0.64983	189	Estimated
Taiwan`TWN`Eastern Asia	0.14292	0.46721	239	—
India`IND`Southern Asia	0.14249	0.60025	244	—
Sweden`SWE`Northern Europe	0.13514	0.40486	252	—
Argentina`ARG`South America	0.13454	0.57468	242	—
Japan`JPN`Eastern Asia	0.13454	0.38010	245	—
Australia`AUS`Australia and New Zealand	0.13247	0.57334	257	Estimated
Romania`ROU`Eastern Europe	0.13245	0.58602	222	—
Luxembourg`LUX`Western Europe	0.13217	0.55867	234	—
Lithuania`LTU`Northern Europe	0.13197	0.52346	229	—
Djibouti`DJI`Eastern Africa	0.12996	0.56897	65	Estimated
Slovakia`SVK`Eastern Europe	0.12808	0.45244	241	—
Lebanon`LBN`Western Asia	0.12783	0.60857	179	Estimated
Canada`CAN`Northern America	0.12746	0.37815	256	—
Spain`ESP`Southern Europe	0.12462	0.33920	255	—
New Zealand`NZL`Australia and New Zealand	0.12348	0.64570	229	—
Ukraine`UKR`Eastern Europe	0.12319	0.60553	235	—
Hungary`HUN`Eastern Europe	0.12174	0.41644	246	Estimated
Portugal`PRT`Southern Europe	0.12043	0.49230	240	—
South Africa`ZAF`Southern Africa	0.11521	0.52583	254	Estimated
Mexico`MEX`Central America	0.11327	0.36939	250	—
Estonia`EST`Northern Europe	0.11255	0.52068	224	—
Thailand`THA`South-eastern Asia	0.10996	0.43569	242	—
Slovenia`SVN`Southern Europe	0.10770	0.44459	236	Estimated
Türkiye`TUR`Western Asia	0.10691	0.60820	241	—
North Korea`PRK`Eastern Asia	0.10123	0.44905	175	—
Switzerland`CHE`Western Europe	0.09869	0.51578	241	—
Hong Kong`HKG`Eastern Asia	0.09787	0.46342	247	—
Greece`GRC`Southern Europe	0.09339	0.55548	236	—
Germany`DEU`Western Europe	0.09212	0.26808	256	—
Belgium`BEL`Western Europe	0.09074	0.33842	255	—
Brazil`BRA`South America	0.08948	0.51608	241	—
United States`USA`Northern America	0.08807	0.25650	258	—
Bulgaria`BGR`Eastern Europe	0.08729	0.51960	237	Estimated
United Kingdom`GBR`Northern Europe	0.07794	0.23102	257	—
China`CHN`Eastern Asia	0.07446	0.46374	254	—
Poland`POL`Eastern Europe	0.07310	0.41987	247	—
France`FRA`Western Europe	0.07092	0.23841	258	—
Czechia`CZE`Eastern Europe	0.07071	0.38113	248	—
Netherlands`NLD`Western Europe	0.06859	0.33069	259	Estimated
Denmark`DNK`Northern Europe	0.06370	0.42436	252	Estimated
Austria`AUT`Western Europe	0.06045	0.35340	252	—
Italy`ITA`Southern Europe	0.05395	0.35816	256	—

02In 1998

At either end

The 5 countries at each end of the headline, then the highest and lowest on each other measure.

Highest

Iraq0.96043
Guam0.92287
Nigeria0.87009
Mali0.86407
Micronesia0.85660

Lowest

Italy0.05395
Austria0.06045
Denmark0.06370
Netherlands0.06859
Czechia0.07071

Neither end is better. The values describe a shape, not a score. The middle country reads 0.30525. “Shared” marks a value another country also holds.

Each measure’s ends

Export diversification index (0–1)
HighestNigeria0.89334
LowestUnited Kingdom0.23102
Middle country: 0.69735
Products exported (SITC 3-digit groups)
HighestNetherlands259
Lowest2 share it
Middle country: 128

031997 → 1998

Since 1997

+0 / −0countries joined / left
204values changed, of 204 in both
95 · 109rose · fell
0unchanged

Rose most

Niue0.23010 → 0.65544+0.42534
Marshall Islands0.43901 → 0.79293+0.35392
Cook Islands0.33166 → 0.64115+0.30949
Kiribati0.39988 → 0.56554+0.16567
Grenada0.26125 → 0.42665+0.16540

Fell most

Eritrea0.71541 → 0.29019−0.42522
Antigua and Barbuda0.48980 → 0.16120−0.32860
Turkmenistan0.60622 → 0.35371−0.25251
Tonga0.58051 → 0.38268−0.19782
Tuvalu0.47242 → 0.29555−0.17687

04Caveats

Read before you use

How values are stored

One year of the 2026 release
Every year in this series comes from UNCTAD’s 2026 release, recalculated on one method, so a change from one year to the next is not a revision. It can differ from what was first published for 1998.
203 distinct values among 204
Values are stored exactly as published, to 6 decimals. 2 countries share 0.13454. Countries sharing a value share a position too.
68 empty cells
An empty cell means the publisher gave no figure. It is never a zero.

05The files

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US_ConcentDiversIndices

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Cite this edition

UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (1998). Export Concentration Index, 1998 [data set], describing 1998. As held by Nations Inquiry, https://nationsinquiry.com/datasets/export-concentration/1998

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