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Topic 02 of 18 · Country Index 2026
Estonia: Economy & Innovation
What does an economy do for the people inside it?
Estonia is placed 33rd of 176 countries on economy & innovation in the Country Index 2026, from 4 of its 4 key statistics. Readings behind it: GDP per Capita (PPP) 41,604 (2025); Firms with a Bank Loan or Line of Credit 34.72 (2025).
Share
Economy & Innovation
33rd
of 176 countries placed
Placed from 4 of 4 key statistics
- 41,604GDP per Capita (PPP), 2025GDP per capita (constant 2021 international $, PPP)
- 34.72Firms with a Bank Loan or Line of Credit, 2025Firms with a bank loan or line of credit (%)
- 0.89Economic Complexity Index, 2024ECI score (standardised, roughly −3 to +3)
- 98.9Account Ownership at a Financial Institution, 2024Adults with an account (% of population aged 15+)
01The evidence
The 4 key statistics that decide it
Only these place Estonia on economy & innovation — one vote each. Every value is the publisher’s own, read at the edition the Country Index 2026 used — or, for a survey-based key, each country’s latest reading; the grey ticks are every other country it was compared with, lowest on the left.
41,604
GDP per capita (constant 2021 international $, PPP)
Higher is better
Estonia: 41,604. Across the 185 countries in this edition, values run from 1,067 (Burundi) to 139,593 (Singapore); the world median is 17,265.
- World median
- 17,265
- Best in Northern Europe
- 131,338 Ireland
- Land neighbours
- Latvia 38,801 · Russia 42,358
Key 2 of 4
Firms with a Bank Loan or Line of Credit
World Bank Group
Latest reading per country, 2016–2025 · Estonia’s is from 2023 · CC BY 4.0
34.72
Firms with a bank loan or line of credit (%)
Higher is better
Estonia: 34.72. Across the 179 countries at their latest reading, values run from 2.113 (Pakistan) to 88.52 (Israel); the world median is 35.95.
- World median
- 35.95
- Best in Northern Europe
- 68.72 Denmark
- Land neighbours
- Latvia 36.05 · Russia 33.47
Key 3 of 4
Economic Complexity Index
Growth Lab at Harvard University
2024 edition · data for 2024 · CC0 1.0
0.89
ECI score (standardised, roughly −3 to +3)
Higher is better
Ranked 28th of 145 by Growth Lab at Harvard University
Estonia: 0.89. Across the 145 countries in this edition, values run from -3.53 (Chad) to 1.729 (Japan); the world median is 0.131.
- World median
- 0.131
- Best in Northern Europe
- 1.246 United Kingdom
- Land neighbours
- Latvia 0.732 · Russia 0.243
Key 4 of 4
Account Ownership at a Financial Institution
World Bank Group
2024 edition · data for 2024 · CC BY 4.0
98.9
Adults with an account (% of population aged 15+)
Higher is better
Estonia: 98.9. Across the 139 countries in this edition, values run from 14.83 (Niger) to 99.85 (Iceland); the world median is 72.83.
- World median
- 72.83
- Best in Northern Europe
- 99.85 Iceland
- Land neighbours
- Latvia 94.97 · Russia 79.34
02Over time
Which way Estonia is moving
Each key’s published value, edition by edition, beside the world median. The Country Index 2026 is the first edition of the standing, so the standing itself has no history to chart yet.
GDP per Capita (PPP)
GDP per capita (constant 2021 international $, PPP) · higher is better
EstoniaWorld median
Estonia rose from 20,527 in 2000 to 41,604 in 2025; the world median went from 10,589 to 17,265.
Every year’s figures
Year Estonia World median 2025 41,604 17,265 2024 41,186 18,108 2023 41,285 17,686 2022 43,125 16,933 2021 44,247 16,260 2020 40,917 15,631 2019 42,215 16,761 2018 40,850 16,349 2017 39,530 16,129 2016 37,467 15,512 2015 36,353 14,857 2014 35,720 14,475 2013 34,481 14,681 2012 33,765 14,631 2011 32,453 13,916 2010 30,068 14,101 2009 29,282 13,655 2008 34,234 14,030 2007 35,987 13,755 2006 33,301 12,983 2005 30,161 12,023 2004 27,382 11,608 2003 25,485 11,183 2002 23,538 11,144 2001 21,873 10,907 2000 20,527 10,589 Economic Complexity Index
ECI score (standardised, roughly −3 to +3) · higher is better
EstoniaWorld median
Estonia rose from 0.58 in 2000 to 0.89 in 2024; the world median went from 0.016 to 0.131.
Every year’s figures
Year Estonia World median 2024 0.890 0.1310 2023 0.982 0.0710 2022 0.994 0.0580 2021 1.046 0.0010 2020 1.025 0.0470 2019 1.042 0.0300 2018 1.009 -0.0150 2017 0.960 0.0080 2016 1.011 -0.0660 2015 0.961 -0.0600 2014 0.961 -0.0190 2013 0.930 0.0140 2012 0.918 0.0060 2011 0.965 -0.0140 2010 0.909 -0.0020 2009 0.828 0.0990 2008 0.833 0.0700 2007 0.807 -0.0080 2006 0.838 0.0740 2005 0.760 0.0510 2004 0.767 0.0505 2003 0.765 0.0450 2002 0.661 0.0100 2001 0.689 0.0470 2000 0.580 0.0160 Account Ownership at a Financial Institution
Adults with an account (% of population aged 15+) · higher is better
EstoniaWorld median
Estonia rose from 96.82 in 2011 to 98.9 in 2024; the world median went from 37.03 to 72.83.
Every year’s figures
Year Estonia World median 2024 98.9 73 2021 99.4 74 2017 98.0 59 2014 97.7 52 2011 96.8 37
03In context
Estonia beside its neighbours
A position reads best beside the countries around it. Every position below is a place among all 176 countries on economy & innovation, never a place within the region.
Estonia and the countries it borders
Standing among all 176; the key columns are the publishers’ own values.
| Country | Standing | GDP per Capita (PPP)GDP per capita (constant 2021 international $, PPP) | Firms with a Bank Loan or Line of CreditFirms with a bank loan or line of credit (%) | Economic Complexity IndexECI score (standardised, roughly −3 to +3) | Account Ownership at a Financial InstitutionAdults with an account (% of population aged 15+) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estonia | 33rd | 41,604 | 34.72 | 0.89 | 98.9 |
 Latvia | 39th | 38,801 | 36.05 | 0.732 | 94.97 |
 Russia | 66th | 42,358 | 33.47 | 0.243 | 79.34 |
“—”: no published reading in that edition. What a standing is
Across Northern Europe
Every country in the sub-region, by its place among all 176.
Placed either side on economy & innovation
The countries immediately above and below Estonia in the topic’s list.
04Context, no vote
Where Estonia is ahead of the world, and behind
66 more statistics filed under economy & innovation, published in full and deliberately given no vote in the standing. Select a row for the publisher, the rank and the links.
Ahead of the world median33
Statistics on which Estonia does better than the middle country measured.
Business Ready: Public ServicesWorld Bank Group · 2024 · world median 50.1373.3150.13No earlier reading
Estonia: 73.31 · world median 50.13 · Public services score (0–100). World Bank Group, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 18.35 to 73.31; higher is better.
Position 1st of 50 · derived.
New Business DensityWorld Bank Group · 2024 · world median 2.18726.762.187▲ Improved since 2014
Estonia: 26.76 · world median 2.187 · New limited liability companies registered per 1,000 people aged 15–64. World Bank Group, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 0.02 to 26.76; higher is better.
World Energy Trilemma IndexWorld Energy Council · 2023 · world median 63.880.263.8No earlier reading
Estonia: 80.2 · world median 63.8 · Trilemma score (0–100). World Energy Council, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 27.7 to 83.2; higher is better.
Ranked 7th of 99 by World Energy Council.
Business Ready: Operational EfficiencyWorld Bank Group · 2024 · world median 65.8280.2865.82No earlier reading
Estonia: 80.28 · world median 65.82 · Operational efficiency score (0–100). World Bank Group, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 40.36 to 87.33; higher is better.
Position 4th of 50 · derived.
Regulatory QualityWorld Bank Group · 2025 · world median -0.0931.37-0.093No real change since 2015
Estonia: 1.37 · world median -0.093 · Regulatory Quality (−2.5 to 2.5). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from -2.106 to 2.113; higher is better.
Position 18th of 209 · derived.
ICT Services ExportsUNCTAD · 2024 · world median 7.47423.667.474▲ Improved since 2014
Estonia: 23.66 · world median 7.474 · ICT services exports (% of services exports). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 56.25; higher is better.
Position 12th of 118 · derived.
Government AI Readiness IndexOxford Insights · 2025 · world median 40.1969.5640.19No real change since 2020
Estonia: 69.56 · world median 40.19 · AI readiness score (0–100). Oxford Insights, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 12.12 to 88.36; higher is better.
Ranked 21st of 195 by Oxford Insights.
Global Innovation IndexWorld Intellectual Property Organization · 2025 · world median 28.5251.0928.52▲ Improved since 2022
Estonia: 51.09 · world median 28.52 · GII score (0–100). World Intellectual Property Organization, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 11.94 to 65.96; higher is better.
Ranked 16th of 139 by World Intellectual Property Organization.
Productive Capacities IndexUNCTAD · 2022 · world median 46.6761.8346.67▼ Worsened since 2012
Estonia: 61.83 · world median 46.67 · Productive Capacities Index (1–100). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2022 edition, data for 2022.
Published values in that edition run from 17.8 to 71.02; higher is better.
Position 26th of 195 · derived.
ICT Goods ExportsUNCTAD · 2024 · world median 0.9758.380.975▼ Worsened since 2014
Estonia: 8.38 · world median 0.975 · ICT goods exports (% of total goods exports). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 61.45; higher is better.
Position 17th of 119 · derived.
Digitally-Deliverable Services ExportsUNCTAD · 2024 · world median 25.4256.1625.42▲ Improved since 2014
Estonia: 56.16 · world median 25.42 · Digitally-deliverable services exports (% of services exports). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 0.377 to 87.15; higher is better.
Position 25th of 170 · derived.
Researchers per Million InhabitantsUIS · 2024 · world median 701.954,800701.95No earlier reading
Estonia: 4,800 · world median 701.95 · Researchers per million inhabitants (full-time equivalent). UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 1.446 to 18,130; higher is better.
Position 25th of 145 · derived.
Frontier Technology Readiness IndexUNCTAD · 2023 · world median 0.4850.7690.485No real change since 2013
Estonia: 0.769 · world median 0.485 · Frontier Technology Readiness Index (0–1). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 1; higher is better.
Position 30th of 170 · derived.
Comprehensive Wealth per CapitaWorld Bank Group · 2020 · world median 46,486206,33046,486▲ Improved since 2010
Estonia: 206,330 · world median 46,486 · National comprehensive wealth per person (real chained 2019 US$). World Bank Group, 2020 edition, data for 2020.
Published values in that edition run from 4,276 to 1,246,092; higher is better.
Position 30th of 150 · derived.
Business Ready: Regulatory FrameworkWorld Bank Group · 2024 · world median 66.872.8966.8No earlier reading
Estonia: 72.89 · world median 66.8 · Regulatory framework score (0–100). World Bank Group, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 46.21 to 78.34; higher is better.
Position 11th of 50 · derived.
Firms Competing Against Informal FirmsWorld Bank Group · 2026 · world median 41.8123.8341.81No earlier reading
Estonia: 23.83 · world median 41.81 · Firms competing against unregistered or informal firms (%). World Bank Group, 2026 edition, data for 2026.
Published values in that edition run from 1.926 to 90.5; lower is better.
Position 144th of 181 · derived, 1st = worst.
Logistics Performance IndexWorld Bank Group · 2023 · world median 2.93.62.9▲ Improved since 2014
Estonia: 3.6 · world median 2.9 · LPI score (1–5). World Bank Group, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 1.9 to 4.3; higher is better.
Ranked 26th of 139 by World Bank Group.
Adjusted Net SavingsWorld Bank Group · 2021 · world median 8.38916.518.389▲ Improved since 2011
Estonia: 16.51 · world median 8.389 · Adjusted net savings, including particulate emission damage (% of GNI). World Bank Group, 2021 edition, data for 2021.
Published values in that edition run from -81.62 to 32.18; higher is better.
Position 27th of 118 · derived.
Actual Individual Consumption per Capita (PPP)World Bank Group · 2021 · world median 12,80026,23612,800▲ Improved since 2017
Estonia: 26,236 · world median 12,800 · Actual individual consumption per capita (PPP, current international $). World Bank Group, 2021 edition, data for 2021.
Published values in that edition run from 688.7 to 52,654; higher is better.
Position 40th of 173 · derived.
Research and Development SpendingUIS · 2023 · world median 0.8141.8390.814▼ Worsened since 2013
Estonia: 1.839 · world median 0.814 · Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP). UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 0.006 to 6.346; higher is better.
Position 20th of 84 · derived.
Historical GDP per Capita (Maddison)GGDC · 2022 · world median 12,89030,06712,890No real change since 2012
Estonia: 30,067 · world median 12,890 · GDP per capita (2011 international $). Maddison Project, Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC), 2022 edition, data for 2022.
Published values in that edition run from 596.39 to 149,171; higher is better.
Position 41st of 166 · derived.
Crop Production IndexFAO · 2022 · world median 106.23118.97106.23▲ Improved since 2012
Estonia: 118.97 · world median 106.23 · Crop production index (2014–2016 = 100). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2022 edition, data for 2022.
Published values in that edition run from 53.79 to 189.93; higher is better.
Position 50th of 195 · derived.
Income Share Held by Richest 10%World Bank Group · 2023 · world median 26.1823.6526.18▲ Improved since 2013
Estonia: 23.65 · world median 26.18 · Share of national income or consumption held by the richest tenth (%). World Bank Group, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 18.79 to 43.08; lower is better.
Position 45th of 60 · derived, 1st = worst.
Average Monthly Earnings of EmployeesILO · 2024 · world median 1,6364,0651,636No real change since 2014
Estonia: 4,065 · world median 1,636 · Average monthly earnings of employees (2021 PPP $). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 193.28 to 9,307; higher is better.
Position 20th of 75 · derived.
Income Share Held by Lowest 20%World Bank Group · 2023 · world median 7.128.267.12▲ Improved since 2013
Estonia: 8.26 · world median 7.12 · Share of national income held by the poorest fifth (%). World Bank Group, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 3.24 to 11.07; higher is better.
Position 17th of 60 · derived.
Palma RatioWorld Bank Group · 2023 · world median 1.3321.1151.332▲ Improved since 2013
Estonia: 1.115 · world median 1.332 · Palma ratio (income share of the richest 10% ÷ share of the poorest 40%). World Bank Group, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 0.771 to 4.193; lower is better.
Position 43rd of 60 · derived, 1st = worst.
Gini IndexWorld Bank Group · 2023 · world median 33.7230.7133.72▲ Improved since 2013
Estonia: 30.71 · world median 33.72 · Gini index (0 = perfect equality, 100 = perfect inequality). World Bank Group, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 23 to 54.58; lower is better.
Position 42nd of 60 · derived, 1st = worst.
Management Practices IndexWorld Bank Group · 2026 · world median 52.3956.7552.39No earlier reading
Estonia: 56.75 · world median 52.39 · Management practices index, medium and large firms (0–100). World Bank Group, 2026 edition, data for 2026.
Published values in that edition run from 28.07 to 69.29; higher is better.
Position 53rd of 169 · derived.
Firms with an International Quality CertificationWorld Bank Group · 2026 · world median 10.415.6410.4No earlier reading
Estonia: 15.64 · world median 10.4 · Firms with an internationally recognised quality certification (%). World Bank Group, 2026 edition, data for 2026.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 45.77; higher is better.
Gini Index of Disposable Income (SWIID)Frederick Solt, University of Iowa · 2023 · world median 3330.833▼ Worsened since 2013
Estonia: 30.8 · world median 33 · Gini index of disposable household income (0–100), SWIID estimate. Frederick Solt, University of Iowa, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 22.3 to 51.2; lower is better.
Position 53rd of 79 · derived, 1st = worst.
Water-Use EfficiencyFAO · 2023 · world median 16.13016.1▲ Improved since 2013
Estonia: 30 · world median 16.1 · Value added per cubic metre of freshwater withdrawn (constant US$ per m³). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 0.38 to 1,378; higher is better.
Total Factor Productivity LevelGGDC · 2023 · world median 0.6270.6430.627▲ Improved since 2013
Estonia: 0.643 · world median 0.627 · TFP level at current PPPs (USA = 1). Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC), 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 0.052 to 1.192; higher is better.
Informal Output (DGE Model Estimate)World Bank Group (Prospects Group) · 2020 · world median 27.526.4327.5▼ Worsened since 2010
Estonia: 26.43 · world median 27.5 · Informal output, model estimate (% of official GDP). World Bank Group (Prospects Group), 2020 edition, data for 2020.
Published values in that edition run from 7.91 to 60.43; lower is better.
Behind the world median4
Statistics on which Estonia does worse than the middle country measured.
Food Production IndexFAO · 2022 · world median 106.08105.65106.08▲ Improved since 2012
Estonia: 105.65 · world median 106.08 · Food production index (2014–2016 = 100). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2022 edition, data for 2022.
Published values in that edition run from 71.08 to 177.49; higher is better.
Position 104th of 195 · derived.
Liner Shipping Connectivity IndexUNCTAD · 2026 · world median 56.2127.4256.21▼ Worsened since 2016
Estonia: 27.42 · world median 56.21 · LSCI (index, average Q1 2023 = 100). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2026 edition, data for 2026.
Published values in that edition run from 4.13 to 1,319; higher is better.
Ranked 120th of 175 by UNCTAD.
Livestock Production IndexFAO · 2022 · world median 107.0694.58107.06▼ Worsened since 2012
Estonia: 94.58 · world median 107.06 · Livestock production index (2014–2016 = 100). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2022 edition, data for 2022.
Published values in that edition run from 35.52 to 190.08; higher is better.
Position 160th of 194 · derived.
GDP GrowthWorld Bank Group · 2025 · world median 3.3960.5843.396▼ Worsened since 2015
Estonia: 0.584 · world median 3.396 · GDP growth (annual %). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from -5.847 to 19.34; higher is better.
Position 168th of 186 · derived.
No better end29
These describe the shape of a country — more is not better or worse, only different — so they are never ahead or behind.
Trade (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 79.68155.7679.68No real change since 2015
Estonia: 155.76 · world median 79.68 · Exports plus imports (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 2.382 to 396.65.
Position 12th of 138 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Exports of Goods and Services (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 36.3478.3636.34No real change since 2015
Estonia: 78.36 · world median 36.34 · Exports of goods and services (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 1.103 to 199.76.
Position 14th of 138 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Imports of Goods and Services (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 41.7277.441.72Moved since 2015
Estonia: 77.4 · world median 41.72 · Imports of goods and services (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 1.279 to 196.89.
Position 16th of 138 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Complexity Outlook IndexGrowth Lab at Harvard University · 2024 · world median -0.2251.247-0.225No real change since 2014
Estonia: 1.247 · world median -0.225 · Complexity Outlook Index (standardised; roughly −2.5 to +3). Growth Lab at Harvard University, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from -1.682 to 2.878.
Services ExportsUNCTAD · 2025 · world median 9.60233.539.602Moved since 2015
Estonia: 33.53 · world median 9.602 · Services exports (% of GDP). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0.085 to 166.21.
Creative Services ExportsUNCTAD · 2024 · world median 6.17118.656.171Moved since 2014
Estonia: 18.65 · world median 6.171 · Creative services exports (% of services exports). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 0.002 to 63.91.
Tax Revenue (% of GDP)OECD · 2024 · world median 21.8535.2321.85No real change since 2014
Estonia: 35.23 · world median 21.85 · Total tax revenue, all levels of government (% of GDP). OECD, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 3.11 to 45.18.
Foreign Value Added Share of Gross ExportsOECD · 2022 · world median 27.4139.5327.41Moved since 2012
Estonia: 39.53 · world median 27.41 · Foreign value added (% of gross exports). OECD, 2022 edition, data for 2022.
Published values in that edition run from 4.491 to 66.08.
General Government ConsumptionWorld Bank Group · 2025 · world median 16.2121.4616.21Moved since 2015
Estonia: 21.46 · world median 16.21 · General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 5.445 to 38.94.
Position 25th of 132 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Price Level of Household ConsumptionGGDC · 2023 · world median 0.5230.8220.523Moved since 2013
Estonia: 0.822 · world median 0.523 · Price level of household consumption (US output price level in 2021 = 1). Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC), 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 0.177 to 65.54.
Statutory Minimum WageILO · 2024 · world median 657.951,269657.95Moved since 2014
Estonia: 1,269 · world median 657.95 · Statutory minimum wage per month (2021 PPP $). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 4.038 to 3,804.
Creative Goods ExportsUNCTAD · 2024 · world median 1.2352.0811.235Moved since 2014
Estonia: 2.081 · world median 1.235 · Creative goods exports (% of merchandise exports). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 37.23.
Gross Capital Formation (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 22.9324.8522.93Moved since 2015
Estonia: 24.85 · world median 22.93 · Gross capital formation (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from -3.679 to 45.27.
Position 48th of 131 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Merchant Fleet by Country of OwnershipUNCTAD · 2026 · world median 275.73968.49275.73Moved since 2016
Estonia: 968.49 · world median 275.73 · Merchant fleet owned (thousand dead-weight tons). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2026 edition, data for 2026.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 397,071.
Scholarly ArticlesOurResearch · 2025 · world median 2,2404,1902,240No real change since 2022
Estonia: 4,190 · world median 2,240 · Articles with at least one author at an institution in the country (full counting). OpenAlex (OurResearch), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 1 to 1,094,890.
Inflation, GDP DeflatorWorld Bank Group · 2025 · world median 3.3063.8433.306Moved since 2015
Estonia: 3.843 · world median 3.306 · Annual change in the GDP implicit deflator (%). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from -7.93 to 227.09.
Gross Savings (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2024 · world median 22.0623.9722.06Moved since 2014
Estonia: 23.97 · world median 22.06 · Gross savings (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from -21.13 to 47.82.
Position 62nd of 146 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Total Natural Resources Rents (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2021 · world median 1.7081.7211.708Moved since 2011
Estonia: 1.721 · world median 1.708 · Natural resources rents (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2021 edition, data for 2021.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 61.03.
Position 98th of 180 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Manufacturing Value Added (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 11.2610.7811.26Moved since 2015
Estonia: 10.78 · world median 11.26 · Manufacturing value added (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0.481 to 43.97.
Position 70th of 132 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Terms of Trade IndexUNCTAD · 2025 · world median 103.23101103.23Moved since 2015
Estonia: 101 · world median 103.23 · Terms of trade index (2015 = 100). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 38.2 to 1,448.
Statutory Corporate Income Tax RateOECD · 2026 · world median 242224Moved since 2016
Estonia: 22 · world median 24 · Combined statutory corporate income tax rate, central and sub-central government (%). OECD, 2026 edition, data for 2026.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 36.13.
Industry Value Added including Construction (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 24.6519.7324.65Moved since 2015
Estonia: 19.73 · world median 24.65 · Industry, including construction, value added (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 2.228 to 75.09.
Position 115th of 158 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Commodity Export DependenceUNCTAD · 2024 · world median 67.1735.7567.17Moved since 2014
Estonia: 35.75 · world median 67.17 · Commodity exports (% of merchandise exports, three-year average). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 4.605 to 99.77.
Household ConsumptionWorld Bank Group · 2025 · world median 62.0452.6662.04Moved since 2015
Estonia: 52.66 · world median 62.04 · Household and NPISH final consumption expenditure (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 25.21 to 133.34.
Position 100th of 131 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Tariff Rate, Applied, Weighted Mean, All ProductsWorld Bank Group · 2022 · world median 3.661.333.66Moved since 2012
Estonia: 1.33 · world median 3.66 · Applied tariff rate, trade-weighted mean (%). World Bank Group, 2022 edition, data for 2022.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 29.52.
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Value Added (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 6.5721.6476.572Moved since 2015
Estonia: 1.647 · world median 6.572 · Agriculture, forestry and fishing value added (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0.025 to 47.59.
Position 132nd of 158 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Container Port TrafficUNCTAD · 2024 · world median 1,827,788261,8221,827,788Moved since 2014
Estonia: 261,822 · world median 1,827,788 · Container port traffic (TEU, twenty-foot equivalent units). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 17,263 to 299,703,800.
Position 89th of 103 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Foreign Direct Investment InflowsUNCTAD · 2025 · world median 1.9680.0931.968Moved since 2015
Estonia: 0.093 · world median 1.968 · FDI inflows (% of GDP). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from -32.97 to 2,221.
Export Concentration IndexUNCTAD · 2025 · world median 0.3060.0750.306Moved since 2015
Estonia: 0.075 · world median 0.306 · Export concentration index (0–1, normalised Herfindahl–Hirschman). UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0.059 to 0.933.
No current reading for Estonia
Debt Service on External Debt, External Debt Stocks (% of GNI), GNI per Capita (PPP) (last 2024) and Interest Payments on External Debt. Listed rather than hidden, so the page can be checked against it.
“Position · derived” is this site’s ordering of the published values, 1st = best unless the row says otherwise; the publisher ranks no country on it. Rank, position and standing
05Country Index 2026
Economy & Innovation among Estonia’s 16 topics
Economy & Innovation is Estonia’s 9th best-placed topic of 16. Strongest first, each marker at its share of that topic’s field.
- Digital & Technologyjoint 1st of 1984/4 keys
- Democracy & Civil Libertiesjoint 8th of 1984/4 keys
- Governance & Institutions9th of 1944/4 keys
- Risk & Resilience11th of 1934/4 keys
- Health & Wellbeing16th of 2004/4 keys
- Gender & Equality20th of 1834/4 keys
- Development & Human Capital22nd of 1963/3 keys
- Peace & Security32nd of 1774/4 keys
- Economy & Innovation33rd of 1764/4 keys
- Work & Labourjoint 37th of 1824/4 keys
- Energy34th of 1653/3 keys
- Poverty & Inequalityjoint 35th of 1593/3 keys
- Food & Agriculture45th of 1844/4 keys
- Mobility & Trade45th of 1774/4 keys
- Education & Knowledge65th of 1983/4 keys
- Environment & Sustainabilityjoint 123rd of 1864/4 keys
06The top of the list
Who leads on economy & innovation
The three countries placed highest of 176, and the leaders Estonia can most readily be measured against.
1
AustriaWestern Europe
1st of 176 · 4 of 4 keys
Photo: chensiyuan · CC BY-SA 4.0, greyscale
2
JapanEastern Asia
2nd of 176 · 4 of 4 keys
Photo: JurriaanH · CC BY-SA 3.0, greyscale
3
GermanyWestern Europe
3rd of 176 · 4 of 4 keys
Placed highest nearby
Highest in Europe
Austria1st4/4 keysHighest in Northern Europe
Iceland4th3/4 keysThis page
Estonia33rd4/4 keys
Positions out of 176 placed on the topic. A country needs readings on enough keys to be placed, and the top of the list is often held on fewer of them.
07Analysis
Charts and analysis about Estonia and economy & innovation
On economy & innovation
China Leads Global High-Technology Exports
The world’s ten largest high-technology exporters as a treemap, with the rest of the world beside them. Each country’s figure is its own most recent year, between 2022 and 2024.
On economy & innovation
India vs Pakistan 2025: Comparison of Hunger Index, Happiness, HDI, Rule of Law, Literacy & GDP
India and Pakistan on six published measures: hunger, happiness, human development, rule of law, literacy and GDP per capita, each from its own publisher and year.
On economy & innovation
Countries in Asia with the highest average salaries 2024
Thirteen Asian countries by gross average monthly wage, each carrying its WORLD rank rather than an Asian one — so the numbers skip, from 11th place to 45th.
08Questions
Estonia on economy & innovation: questions answered
Every answer is built from the numbers on this page, so none can say something the page does not.
How does Estonia rank on economy & innovation?
Estonia is placed 33rd of 176 countries on Economy & Innovation in the Country Index 2026, from 4 of its 4 key statistics (GDP per Capita (PPP), Firms with a Bank Loan or Line of Credit, Economic Complexity Index and Account Ownership at a Financial Institution). The position is this site’s ordering of published statistics, not a rank any publisher printed.
What is the latest GDP per Capita (PPP) figure for Estonia?
41,604 in 2025 (gDP per capita (constant 2021 international $, PPP)), according to World Bank Group. The world median in the same edition was 17,265.
What is the latest Firms with a Bank Loan or Line of Credit figure for Estonia?
34.72 in 2025 (firms with a bank loan or line of credit (%)), according to World Bank Group. The world median in the same edition was 35.95.
How does Estonia compare with Russia on economy & innovation?
Russia is placed 66th of 176, and Estonia 33rd. GDP per Capita (PPP): Russia 42,358, Estonia 41,604; Firms with a Bank Loan or Line of Credit: Russia 33.47, Estonia 34.72; Economic Complexity Index: Russia 0.243, Estonia 0.89; Account Ownership at a Financial Institution: Russia 79.34, Estonia 98.9.
How have Estonia’s economy & innovation figures changed?
GDP per Capita (PPP) rose from 20,527 in 2000 to 41,604 in 2025; Economic Complexity Index rose from 0.58 in 2000 to 0.89 in 2024; Account Ownership at a Financial Institution rose from 96.82 in 2011 to 98.9 in 2024.
Which economy & innovation statistics are missing for Estonia?
No current reading is published for Estonia on Debt Service on External Debt, External Debt Stocks (% of GNI), GNI per Capita (PPP) and Interest Payments on External Debt. They are listed rather than hidden, so the evidence on the page can be checked against it.
09Method
Method, sources and how to cite
What this topic does not measure
The total size of an economy is deliberately left out: a very large economy spread over a very large population is not doing more for each person. Growth rates, trade shares and the structure of output (how much is farming, industry or services) are published here as context, because they describe an economy's shape rather than how well it serves people. Jobs and wages have their own topic, Work & Labour.
How the Economy & Innovation standing is decided
A standing is this site’s ordering, named with its edition — never a publisher’s rank. 4 key statistics vote, one vote each; every country’s published value becomes a place within that key’s own field, the places are averaged, and the average is never published. A country needs 2 of the 4 keys to be placed.
The economy & innovation method, step by stepHow every standing on this site is built
The key statistics and their licences
- GDP per Capita (PPP) — World Bank Group, CC BY 4.0
- Firms with a Bank Loan or Line of Credit — World Bank Group, CC BY 4.0
- Economic Complexity Index — Growth Lab at Harvard University, CC0 1.0
- Account Ownership at a Financial Institution — World Bank Group, CC BY 4.0
The other 66 statistics on this page come from 15 publishers, each named beside its numbers, with every edition and licence on the datasets pages.
The standing itself is part of the Country Index 2026, published under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Photographs
Estonia’s banner and the countries placed highest, from their profiles: Wikimedia Commons, shown in greyscale, each used under the licence named.
- Estonia (banner) — Andrus Uuetalu derivative work: Jjtkk, CC BY-SA 3.0 ee
- Austria — chensiyuan, CC BY-SA 4.0
- Japan — JurriaanH, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Germany — dronepicr, CC BY 2.0
Cite this page
Nations Inquiry (2026). Estonia: Economy & Innovation — standing and statistics, Country Index 2026. https://nationsinquiry.com/countries/estonia/economy