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UN IGME · Under-Five Mortality Rate

Under-five mortality rate by country

How many children die before their fifth birthday?

Of the 200 countries compared in 2024, San Marino had the lowest reading, 1.260, and Nigeria had the highest reading, 115.649. In the middle country the figure was 14.539. Among the 81 countries measured in every edition since 1952, the middle one moved from 141.050 to 12.905.

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Part ofHealth & WellbeingDevelopment & Human Capital

Under-five mortality rate · 2024

Key statistic · Health & Wellbeing

Lowest of 200San Marino

1.260

012024 · position · derived

Who leads

The three countries at the lowest end of 200 compared, the three at the other end, and the first on each continent.

  1. 1

    San Marino

    Southern Europe

    1.260

    Photo: Matl derivative work: Jjtkk · CC BY-SA 3.0, greyscale

  2. 2

    Estonia

    Northern Europe

    2.016

    Photo: Andrus Uuetalu derivative work: Jjtkk · CC BY-SA 3.0 ee, greyscale

  3. 3

    Luxembourg

    Western Europe

    2.182

    Photo: Michal Osmenda from Brussels, Belgium · CC BY-SA 2.0, greyscale

Highest in 2024

  1. Nigeria115.649
  2. Niger110.720
  3. Somalia101.066

Where a country sits says how it compares with the others measured, and nothing about why.

Lowest on each continent

02Every measured country

Under-five mortality rate on a map

Each country is shaded by its value, in five groups holding the same number of countries. Hover a country for its value, or select it to open its profile. Below the map, each continent’s middle country.

All regions

Darker is a lower value — the better end.

  • 39.112–115.649
  • 17.960–39.005
  • 10.407–17.887
  • 5.173–10.284
  • 1.260–4.979
  • No reading in 2024
  • Europe

    3.711

    the middle country, of 43 measured · 49 members

    San Marino1.260

    Moldova16.460

    Lowest and highest reading in Europe.

  • Americas

    12.884

    the middle country, of 39 measured · 48 members

    Turks and Caicos Islands4.653

    Haiti52.753

    Lowest and highest reading in Americas.

  • Asia

    13.385

    the middle country, of 48 measured · 52 members

    Japan2.434

    Pakistan55.959

    Lowest and highest reading in Asia.

  • Oceania

    19.594

    the middle country, of 16 measured · 21 members

    Australia3.607

    Kiribati53.094

    Lowest and highest reading in Oceania.

  • Africa

    48.538

    the middle country, of 54 measured · 55 members

    Libya9.765

    Nigeria115.649

    Lowest and highest reading in Africa.

22 sub-regions, lowest middle country first
  • Northern Europe

    2.660

    the middle country, of 10 measured · 13 members

    Estonia2.016

    United Kingdom4.680

    Lowest and highest reading in Northern Europe.

  • Southern Europe

    3.228

    the middle country, of 15 measured · 17 members

    San Marino1.260

    Albania9.227

    Lowest and highest reading in Southern Europe.

  • Western Europe

    3.716

    the middle country, of 8 measured · 9 members

    Luxembourg2.182

    France4.343

    Lowest and highest reading in Western Europe.

  • Eastern Europe

    5.454

    the middle country, of 10 measured · 10 members

    Belarus2.331

    Moldova16.460

    Lowest and highest reading in Eastern Europe.

  • Eastern Asia

    5.724

    the middle country, of 5 measured · 8 members

    Japan2.434

    North Korea16.666

    Lowest and highest reading in Eastern Asia.

  • Western Asia

    9.596

    the middle country, of 18 measured · 19 members

    Israel3.340

    Yemen38.143

    Lowest and highest reading in Western Asia.

  • Caribbean

    12.376

    the middle country, of 17 measured · 24 members

    Turks and Caicos Islands4.653

    Haiti52.753

    Lowest and highest reading in Caribbean.

  • Central America

    12.855

    the middle country, of 8 measured · 8 members

    El Salvador10.047

    Guatemala20.509

    Lowest and highest reading in Central America.

  • South America

    13.561

    the middle country, of 12 measured · 12 members

    Chile6.753

    Guyana25.210

    Lowest and highest reading in South America.

  • Polynesia

    14.862

    the middle country, of 5 measured · 7 members

    Tonga9.513

    Niue23.793

    Lowest and highest reading in Polynesia.

  • Central Asia

    16.782

    the middle country, of 5 measured · 5 members

    Kazakhstan9.437

    Turkmenistan39.005

    Lowest and highest reading in Central Asia.

  • South-eastern Asia

    17.688

    the middle country, of 11 measured · 11 members

    Singapore2.680

    Timor-Leste47.622

    Lowest and highest reading in South-eastern Asia.

  • Northern Africa

    18.686

    the middle country, of 6 measured · 6 members

    Libya9.765

    Sudan61.602

    Lowest and highest reading in Northern Africa.

  • Micronesia

    22.422

    the middle country, of 5 measured · 7 members

    Nauru8.261

    Kiribati53.094

    Lowest and highest reading in Micronesia.

  • Southern Asia

    25.117

    the middle country, of 9 measured · 9 members

    Maldives5.439

    Pakistan55.959

    Lowest and highest reading in Southern Asia.

  • Southern Africa

    39.461

    the middle country, of 5 measured · 5 members

    Botswana33.311

    Lesotho59.957

    Lowest and highest reading in Southern Africa.

  • Eastern Africa

    47.711

    the middle country, of 18 measured · 19 members

    Seychelles13.959

    Somalia101.066

    Lowest and highest reading in Eastern Africa.

  • Middle Africa

    64.838

    the middle country, of 9 measured · 9 members

    São Tomé and Príncipe13.554

    Chad97.258

    Lowest and highest reading in Middle Africa.

  • Western Africa

    70.159

    the middle country, of 16 measured · 16 members

    Cabo Verde11.139

    Nigeria115.649

    Lowest and highest reading in Western Africa.

  • Australia and New Zealand

    2 of 2 measured — too few for a middle: Australia, New Zealand.

    Australia3.607

    New Zealand4.738

    Lowest and highest reading in Australia and New Zealand.

  • Melanesia

    4 of 5 measured — too few for a middle: Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu.

    Vanuatu17.144

    Papua New Guinea39.383

    Lowest and highest reading in Melanesia.

  • Northern America

    2 of 4 measured — too few for a middle: Canada, United States.

    Canada5.427

    United States6.472

    Lowest and highest reading in Northern America.

03The whole field at once

The spread

200 countries, one dot each, on one scale — further right is a higher value. Half the countries are above 14.539; a quarter are above 36.041, and a quarter below 5.884. The bar in each row marks that continent’s middle country.

20406080100Africa54 comparedNigeria: 115.649Niger: 110.720Somalia: 101.066Chad: 97.258South Sudan: 96.711Guinea: 92.145Sierra Leone: 90.500Central African Republic: 89.728DR Congo: 89.678Liberia: 86.388Burkina Faso: 74.890Benin: 74.750Mali: 72.981Equatorial Guinea: 67.969Guinea-Bissau: 67.336Cameroon: 64.838Zimbabwe: 64.661Côte d’Ivoire: 64.471Madagascar: 62.402Sudan: 61.602Lesotho: 59.957Mozambique: 59.418Togo: 56.128Angola: 49.000Djibouti: 48.858Malawi: 48.783Uganda: 48.710Zambia: 48.365Burundi: 47.058Eswatini: 45.118Ethiopia: 44.504Gambia: 42.407Namibia: 39.461Republic of the Congo: 39.112Comoros: 38.973Kenya: 38.848Rwanda: 37.737Tanzania: 36.999Mauritania: 36.913Senegal: 36.530Ghana: 35.878South Africa: 35.065Eritrea: 34.297Botswana: 33.311Gabon: 32.627Egypt: 22.374Algeria: 21.640Morocco: 15.732Mauritius: 15.367Seychelles: 13.959São Tomé and Príncipe: 13.554Tunisia: 12.071Cabo Verde: 11.139Libya: 9.765Libya 9.765Nigeria 115.649Americas39 comparedHaiti: 52.753Dominica: 35.658Dominican Republic: 30.634Guyana: 25.210Venezuela: 24.200Guatemala: 20.509Trinidad and Tobago: 18.779Grenada: 17.960Jamaica: 17.794Saint Lucia: 17.235Paraguay: 16.308Saint Kitts and Nevis: 15.854Suriname: 15.793Bolivia: 15.696Panama: 15.277Honduras: 14.955Brazil: 14.217Mexico: 13.052Peru: 12.905Ecuador: 12.884Belize: 12.657British Virgin Islands: 12.376Bahamas: 12.361Colombia: 11.541Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 11.277Nicaragua: 11.239Costa Rica: 10.407El Salvador: 10.047Barbados: 9.764Argentina: 9.514Antigua and Barbuda: 9.051Cuba: 8.559Uruguay: 7.447Chile: 6.753United States: 6.472Montserrat: 6.354Anguilla: 5.608Canada: 5.427Turks and Caicos Islands: 4.653Turks and Caicos Islands 4.653Haiti 52.753Asia48 comparedPakistan: 55.959Afghanistan: 53.032Timor-Leste: 47.622Turkmenistan: 39.005Yemen: 38.143Palestine: 37.854Myanmar: 36.932Bangladesh: 30.498Laos: 29.350Tajikistan: 28.126India: 26.580Philippines: 26.456Nepal: 25.117Iraq: 21.842Syria: 18.443Cambodia: 18.410Azerbaijan: 17.887Indonesia: 17.688Lebanon: 17.601Vietnam: 17.273Bhutan: 17.166Kyrgyzstan: 16.782North Korea: 16.666Mongolia: 13.416Uzbekistan: 13.355Jordan: 12.939Iran: 11.324Oman: 10.284Brunei: 9.944Türkiye: 9.607Armenia: 9.585Kazakhstan: 9.437Thailand: 8.963Bahrain: 8.767Georgia: 8.595Malaysia: 8.309Kuwait: 8.104Saudi Arabia: 5.958Qatar: 5.885Sri Lanka: 5.881China: 5.724Maldives: 5.439Cyprus: 4.979United Arab Emirates: 4.789Israel: 3.340South Korea: 2.796Singapore: 2.680Japan: 2.434Japan 2.434Pakistan 55.959Europe43 comparedMoldova: 16.460Albania: 9.227Kosovo: 8.723Ukraine: 7.888Romania: 7.311Bosnia and Herzegovina: 6.905Slovakia: 6.286Bulgaria: 5.736Croatia: 5.646Serbia: 5.408Malta: 5.335Russia: 5.173United Kingdom: 4.680France: 4.343Poland: 4.221Denmark: 3.955Netherlands: 3.885Switzerland: 3.866Ireland: 3.863Greece: 3.824Belgium: 3.721Germany: 3.711Hungary: 3.707Lithuania: 3.377Austria: 3.322Portugal: 3.228Spain: 3.193Iceland: 2.820North Macedonia: 2.803Italy: 2.702Monaco: 2.661Czechia: 2.594Andorra: 2.507Latvia: 2.501Norway: 2.487Sweden: 2.406Montenegro: 2.383Finland: 2.352Belarus: 2.331Slovenia: 2.259Luxembourg: 2.182Estonia: 2.016San Marino: 1.260San Marino 1.260 · Moldova 16.460Oceania16 comparedKiribati: 53.094Papua New Guinea: 39.383Fiji: 29.123Marshall Islands: 26.744Niue: 23.793Micronesia: 22.422Palau: 21.426Solomon Islands: 20.013Tuvalu: 19.174Vanuatu: 17.144Samoa: 14.862Cook Islands: 13.341Tonga: 9.513Nauru: 8.261New Zealand: 4.738Australia: 3.607Australia 3.607Kiribati 53.094middle country 14.539

04All 200 ever measured

Every country

In order, highest value first — position 1 is the highest value, the way UN IGME’s own tables read. “=” marks a position shared with another country. UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) ranks nobody on this measure; the position is derived here by ordering the published values. The estimates carry full precision, so 200 economies hold 200 distinct values in 2024 and nothing ties.

The raw table

Showing 25 of 200 countries

  1. 1 of 200NigeriaWestern Africa115.649range 98.848–136.189
  2. 2 of 200NigerWestern Africa110.720range 82.856–147.564
  3. 3 of 200SomaliaEastern Africa101.066range 46.406–222.820
  4. 4 of 200ChadMiddle Africa97.258range 63.276–147.578
  5. 5 of 200South SudanEastern Africa96.711range 24.936–283.181
  6. 6 of 200GuineaWestern Africa92.145range 68.837–124.437
  7. 7 of 200Sierra LeoneWestern Africa90.500range 68.025–120.184
  8. 8 of 200Central African RepublicMiddle Africa89.728range 64.844–123.053
  9. 9 of 200DR CongoMiddle Africa89.678range 70.374–116.736
  10. 10 of 200LiberiaWestern Africa86.388range 66.115–108.381
  11. 11 of 200Burkina FasoWestern Africa74.890range 46.801–119.069
  12. 12 of 200BeninWestern Africa74.750range 55.140–102.056
  13. 13 of 200MaliWestern Africa72.981range 61.321–85.829
  14. 14 of 200Equatorial GuineaMiddle Africa67.969range 35.008–128.097
  15. 15 of 200Guinea-BissauWestern Africa67.336range 36.782–117.541
  16. 16 of 200CameroonMiddle Africa64.838range 46.077–89.795
  17. 17 of 200ZimbabweEastern Africa64.661range 43.972–93.234
  18. 18 of 200Côte d’IvoireWestern Africa64.471range 50.553–81.754
  19. 19 of 200MadagascarEastern Africa62.402range 47.947–81.969
  20. 20 of 200SudanNorthern Africa61.602range 39.024–96.326
  21. 21 of 200LesothoSouthern Africa59.957range 42.306–82.942
  22. 22 of 200MozambiqueEastern Africa59.418range 46.311–76.256
  23. 23 of 200TogoWestern Africa56.128range 38.684–81.004
  24. 24 of 200PakistanSouthern Asia55.959range 44.018–70.360
  25. 25 of 200KiribatiMicronesia53.094range 33.038–85.262

Values for 2024. The change column compares 2024 with 2023 only; the sparkline covers the recent editions.

051952–2024 · 73 reference years

Over time

Each point is one year — 1952 to 2024, the longest continuous series on this site. These are modelled estimates fitted to whatever censuses, surveys and vital registration a country has, which is why every country has a figure for every year and why each carries published uncertainty bounds.

50100150200250195219621972198219922002201220222024AfricaOceaniaAsiaAmericasEurope
  • the middle country
  • the middle half of countries
  • the middle of the 81 countries measured every time
  • each continent’s middle country
The same, year by year
YearCountriesMiddle countryMiddle halfMeasured every time
202420014.5395.884 – 36.04112.905
202320015.2396.086 – 37.42313.302
202220014.6546.195 – 37.10013.716
202120015.0736.413 – 38.44014.116
202020015.3116.499 – 39.73114.303
201920015.6966.804 – 41.04214.325
201820016.2806.955 – 42.34114.787
201720016.7857.271 – 43.44914.714
201620017.5467.606 – 44.83414.960
201520017.8557.868 – 46.46115.453
201420018.2828.085 – 48.11615.956
201320018.7428.231 – 49.49216.496
201220018.8438.429 – 51.67616.420
201120018.9758.609 – 53.14616.030
201020019.1988.787 – 55.06415.674
200920020.7928.998 – 57.31917.104
200820020.7369.354 – 59.30815.226
200720021.7899.526 – 62.25415.852
200620022.7609.856 – 65.00416.525
200520023.95710.480 – 68.27417.248
200420025.92510.917 – 71.49618.469
200320026.92811.244 – 75.85218.441
200220028.01211.592 – 77.45818.425
200120029.05212.049 – 80.41918.440
200020030.43212.722 – 85.33718.663
199920031.56613.237 – 91.24119.473
199820033.35314.039 – 94.11120.332
199720034.93314.246 – 97.52721.224
199620036.49914.779 – 99.98322.047
199520037.87615.332 – 104.29222.700
199420038.30415.660 – 103.08723.183
199320040.59116.784 – 106.58023.487
199220042.09317.273 – 107.37523.639
199120042.84917.472 – 105.67023.724
199020044.83018.023 – 106.74023.769
198920047.20318.189 – 111.16125.233
198820049.28119.032 – 116.25725.012
198720051.93420.420 – 118.13225.815
198620053.41621.186 – 119.73427.292
198520055.07721.987 – 121.92928.501
198419257.59823.185 – 125.15929.963
198318960.01324.754 – 130.57731.512
198218865.27726.352 – 142.10133.087
198118563.60626.951 – 143.12735.930
198018270.06829.262 – 151.18437.460
197918171.62930.291 – 154.32638.794
197818072.63131.625 – 155.34640.449
197717774.34433.616 – 153.51842.359
197617676.69235.009 – 163.67445.991
197517478.49536.570 – 159.99750.854
197417080.65338.690 – 163.64354.734
197316881.45640.791 – 170.04555.614
197216783.50743.331 – 181.83059.351
197116585.62445.538 – 187.47563.337
197016093.15548.683 – 192.56068.219
196915994.45150.988 – 192.69171.318
196815498.13352.843 – 198.05873.141
1967149103.88055.524 – 202.42575.843
1966146103.70656.770 – 206.37878.087
1965145102.94754.081 – 207.43880.682
1964143119.10256.647 – 210.55583.008
1963140119.51457.547 – 211.16386.147
1962137123.20656.100 – 212.34390.086
1961135128.49856.053 – 214.14193.739
1960134136.12056.849 – 218.49096.150
1959131139.48059.362 – 224.886101.787
1958126140.48661.169 – 230.777106.853
1957118151.50278.738 – 239.864112.877
1956115152.79281.708 – 242.281122.242
1955105152.59667.982 – 237.400127.277
195497149.91766.242 – 243.138130.903
195389144.38769.811 – 243.124135.089
195281141.05066.542 – 246.297141.050

062023 → 2024

Who rose and fell

The biggest changes in value between the two newest editions — reference years recalculated in one report, not two separate publications. Places are shown second, because they also move when other countries do.

Improved most

before → after
  1. Libya31.698 → 9.765 · 57th → 124th−21.933
  2. Ethiopia51.488 → 44.504 · 28th → 36th−6.984
  3. Türkiye13.804 → 9.607 · 106th → 126th−4.197
  4. Palestine41.929 → 37.854 · 38th → 45th−4.075
  5. Chad100.581 → 97.258 · 4th → 4th−3.324

Worsened most

before → after
  1. Bosnia and Herzegovina6.037 → 6.905 · 151st → 144th+0.868
  2. Lebanon16.987 → 17.601 · 91st → 84th+0.614
  3. Croatia5.091 → 5.646 · 160th → 154th+0.555
  4. Zimbabwe64.198 → 64.661 · 18th → 17th+0.463
  5. Romania6.873 → 7.311 · 143rd → 143rd+0.438

200 countries were measured in both 2023 and 2024.

07Across every edition

Under-five mortality rate in records

The extremes of the statistic. A record reached by more than one country names none of them.

08The measure

About under-five mortality rate

The under-five mortality rate is how many children out of every thousand born alive die before their fifth birthday. It is the single measure that most cleanly separates the 1950s from now: the worst reading in the file is 781 per 1,000 and the best is 1.26.

What the number is: Deaths before age five (per 1,000 live births).

What it does not measure

It counts deaths, not the health of the children who survive; stunting and other measures of child health are published on this site as context.

09Where it fits

Connections

Its part in the Country Index, the statistics whose values line up most closely with it across countries, and others on the same subject.

All statistics

In the Country Index

A key statistic for Health & Wellbeing

“Deaths before a fifth birthday, the most widely used summary of whether a health system reaches people.”

Edition used
2024 (data 2024)
Countries
200
Licence
CC BY 3.0 IGO

Health & Wellbeing standingsHow the keys combine

Moves with

Where under-five mortality rate is higher, these tend to be higher too.

Moves against

Where under-five mortality rate is higher, these tend to be lower.

Rank correlation (ρ, from −1 to 1) across countries, on each statistic’s newest edition, out of 382 statistics sharing at least 80 countries with this one. Two statistics that move together do not cause each other.

On the same subject

12Questions

Under-five mortality rate: questions and answers

Which country has the lowest under-five mortality rate?

San Marino, at 1.260, among the 200 countries compared in 2024.

Which country has the highest under-five mortality rate?

Nigeria, at 115.649, among the 200 countries compared in 2024.

How many countries does the Under-Five Mortality Rate cover?

200 in 2024. The number measured varies from 81 to 200 between editions.

What is the world average under-five mortality rate?

This site does not calculate a world average, which would depend on how countries are weighted. In the middle country of the 200 compared in 2024, the figure was 14.539.

Is this UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME)’s own ranking?

No. UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) publishes the values but ranks nobody; the position on this page is derived by Nations Inquiry by ordering the published values, and equal values share a position.

How often is the Under-Five Mortality Rate published?

This site holds 73 reference years, 1952–2024, all recalculated in UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME)’s 2025 report on one method — not 73 separate publications.

Where does the data come from, and can I download it?

From UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME), under CC BY 3.0 IGO. From the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, read out of UNICEF’s own SDMX warehouse (CME_MRY0T4) rather than the World Bank’s copy, which rounds to one decimal and manufactured ties in every edition. Every edition is on this site’s Datasets pages as a full table, and downloads as a CSV file with every value unrounded.

13Method

Sources, method and citation

Source

Under-Five Mortality Rate — UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME)

From the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, read out of UNICEF’s own SDMX warehouse (CME_MRY0T4) rather than the World Bank’s copy, which rounds to one decimal and manufactured ties in every edition.

Newest edition

Report year 2024Data year 2024

Cite the source as: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Levels and Trends in Child Mortality. New York: UNICEF.

Licence: CC BY 3.0 IGO, checked 2026-09-09.

The full 2024 table, row for row

How this page reads the numbers

  • UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) ranks nobody on this measure. The position is derived by Nations Inquiry by ordering the published values; equal values share a position.
  • Which end is better follows the publisher’s own reading of the measure.
  • A country is named at an end only when it holds that value alone. Where several share it, the page says how many and names none first.
  • Values are stored exactly as published and trimmed only for display. “The middle country” is the median of the countries measured, not a world average.

The file itself, column by column — where it came from, what each column holds, and every edition as a CSV — is on its dataset page.

Photographs

The countries at the top of this statistic, from their profiles: Wikimedia Commons, shown in greyscale, each used under the licence named.

Cite this page

Nations Inquiry (2026). Under-five mortality rate by country: Under-Five Mortality Rate, data from UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME). https://nationsinquiry.com/statistics/under-five-mortality

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