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Photo: Rastapopulous · CC BY-SA 3.0 · via Wikimedia Commons, shown in greyscale
Topic 02 of 12 · Country Index 2026
Turkmenistan: Economy & Innovation
What does an economy do for the people inside it?
Turkmenistan is placed 101st of 150 countries on economy & innovation in the Country Index 2026, from 2 of its 3 key statistics. Readings behind it: GDP per Capita (PPP) 19,314 (2025); Economic Complexity Index -1.202 (2024).
Economy & Innovation
101st
of 150 countries placed
Placed from 2 of 3 key statistics
01The evidence
The 3 key statistics that decide it
Only these place Turkmenistan on economy & innovation — one vote each. Every value is the publisher’s own, read at the edition the Country Index 2026 used; the grey ticks are every other country in that edition, lowest on the left.
Key 1 of 3
GDP per Capita (PPP)
World Bank Group
Why it is a key: Output per person: the standard measure of an economy's size set against the population it has to support.
2025 edition · data for 2025 · CC BY 4.0
19,314
GDP per capita (constant 2021 international $, PPP)
Higher is better
Turkmenistan: 19,314. Across the 185 countries in this edition, values run from 1,067 (Burundi) to 139,593 (Singapore); the world median is 17,265.
- World median
- 17,265
- Best in Central Asia
- 37,851 Kazakhstan
- Land neighbours
- Iran 16,834 · Kazakhstan 37,851 · Uzbekistan 11,623
Each grey tick is one of 185 countries in the 2025 edition.
Key 2 of 3
Economic Complexity Index
Growth Lab at Harvard University
Why it is a key: What an economy knows how to make, read from the diversity and rarity of what it exports.
2024 edition · data for 2024 · CC0 1.0
-1.202
ECI score (standardised, roughly −3 to +3)
Higher is better
Ranked 126th of 145 by Growth Lab at Harvard University
Turkmenistan: -1.202. Across the 145 countries in this edition, values run from -3.53 (Chad) to 1.729 (Japan); the world median is 0.131.
- World median
- 0.131
- Best in Central Asia
- 0.363 Kazakhstan
- Land neighbours
- Afghanistan -0.818 · Iran -0.071 · Kazakhstan 0.363 · Uzbekistan 0.22
Each grey tick is one of 145 countries in the 2024 edition.
Key 3 of 3
Account Ownership at a Financial Institution
World Bank Group
Why it is a key: Whether ordinary adults are inside the financial system at all, which output per person does not reveal.
2024 edition · data for 2024 · CC BY 4.0
No reading
Adults with an account (% of population aged 15+)
Higher is better
World Bank Group publishes no 2024 figure for Turkmenistan, so the standing rests on the other keys.
Across the 139 countries in this edition, values run from 14.83 (Niger) to 99.85 (Iceland); the world median is 72.83.
- World median
- 72.83
- Best in Central Asia
- 87.05 Kazakhstan
- Land neighbours
- Iran 91.06 · Kazakhstan 87.05 · Uzbekistan 59.66
Each grey tick is one of 139 countries in the 2024 edition.
02Over time
Which way Turkmenistan is moving
Each key’s published value, edition by edition, beside the world median. The Country Index 2026 is the first edition of the standing, so the standing itself has no history to chart yet.
GDP per Capita (PPP)
GDP per capita (constant 2021 international $, PPP) · higher is better
TurkmenistanWorld median
Turkmenistan rose from 5,064 in 2000 to 19,314 in 2025; the world median went from 10,589 to 17,265.
Every year’s figures
Year Turkmenistan World median 2025 19,314 17,265 2024 18,471 18,108 2023 17,686 17,686 2022 16,944 16,933 2021 16,260 16,260 2020 15,631 15,631 2019 15,081 16,761 2018 14,499 16,349 2017 13,963 16,129 2016 13,420 15,512 2015 12,927 14,857 2014 12,424 14,475 2013 11,516 14,681 2012 10,689 14,631 2011 9,838 13,916 2010 8,759 14,101 2009 8,187 13,655 2008 7,870 14,030 2007 6,994 13,755 2006 6,416 12,983 2005 5,890 12,023 2004 5,310 11,608 2003 5,155 11,183 2002 5,090 11,144 2001 5,179 10,907 2000 5,064 10,589 Economic Complexity Index
ECI score (standardised, roughly −3 to +3) · higher is better
TurkmenistanWorld median
Turkmenistan was at -1.202 in both 2000 and 2024; the world median went from 0.016 to 0.131.
Every year’s figures
Year Turkmenistan World median 2024 -1.202 0.1310 2023 -1.343 0.0710 2022 -1.386 0.0580 2021 -1.431 0.0010 2020 -1.116 0.0470 2019 -1.267 0.0300 2018 -1.244 -0.0150 2017 -1.551 0.0080 2016 -1.533 -0.0660 2015 -1.888 -0.0600 2014 -1.738 -0.0190 2013 -1.980 0.0140 2012 -2.072 0.0060 2011 -2.223 -0.0140 2010 -1.501 -0.0020 2009 -1.471 0.0990 2008 -1.623 0.0700 2007 -1.625 -0.0080 2006 -1.499 0.0740 2005 -1.280 0.0510 2004 -1.469 0.0505 2003 -1.656 0.0450 2002 -1.375 0.0100 2001 -1.446 0.0470 2000 -1.202 0.0160
03In context
Turkmenistan beside its neighbours
A position reads best beside the countries around it. Every position below is a place among all 150 countries on economy & innovation, never a place within the region.
1st150thNot placed · 74 countries with too few key statisticsNo data
Turkmenistan and the countries it borders
The standing is each country’s place among all 150 placed on the topic; the other columns are the publishers’ own values, read at the edition the standing used.
| Country | Standing | GDP per Capita (PPP)GDP per capita (constant 2021 international $, PPP) | Economic Complexity IndexECI score (standardised, roughly −3 to +3) | Account Ownership at a Financial InstitutionAdults with an account (% of population aged 15+) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Kazakhstan | 47th | 37,851 | 0.363 | 87.05 |
 Iran | =67th | 16,834 | -0.071 | 91.06 |
 Uzbekistan | 86th | 11,623 | 0.22 | 59.66 |
| Turkmenistan | 101st | 19,314 | -1.202 | — |
 Afghanistan | not placed | — | -0.818 | — |
“—” means the publisher gives no reading for that country in that edition. A country needs readings on enough keys to be placed.
Across Central Asia
Every country in the sub-region, by its place among all 150.
- Kazakhstan47th
Kyrgyzstan80th- Uzbekistan86th
- Turkmenistan101st
Tajikistan127th
Placed either side on economy & innovation
The countries immediately above and below Turkmenistan in the topic’s list.
Jordan98th
Gabon99th
Ghana100th- Turkmenistan101st
Lebanon102nd
Guatemala103rd
Nepal104th
04Context, no vote
Where Turkmenistan is ahead of the world, and behind
19 more statistics filed under economy & innovation, published in full and deliberately given no vote in the standing. Select a row for the publisher, the rank and the links.
Ahead of the world median5
Statistics on which Turkmenistan does better than the middle country measured.
External Debt Stocks (% of GNI)World Bank Group · 2024 · world median 43.945.21743.94▲ Improved since 2014
Turkmenistan: 5.217 · world median 43.94 · External debt stocks (% of GNI). World Bank Group, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 2.213 to 350.57; lower is better.
Position 107th of 110 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = worst. The publisher ranks no country on this.
GDP GrowthWorld Bank Group · 2025 · world median 3.3966.33.396▼ Worsened since 2015
Turkmenistan: 6.3 · world median 3.396 · GDP growth (annual %). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from -5.847 to 19.34; higher is better.
Position 28th of 186 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Crop Production IndexFAO · 2022 · world median 106.23121.16106.23▲ Improved since 2012
Turkmenistan: 121.16 · world median 106.23 · Crop production index (2014–2016 = 100). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2022 edition, data for 2022.
Published values in that edition run from 53.79 to 189.93; higher is better.
Position 45th of 195 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Livestock Production IndexFAO · 2022 · world median 107.06113.98107.06▲ Improved since 2012
Turkmenistan: 113.98 · world median 107.06 · Livestock production index (2014–2016 = 100). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2022 edition, data for 2022.
Published values in that edition run from 35.52 to 190.08; higher is better.
Position 69th of 194 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Food Production IndexFAO · 2022 · world median 106.08112.03106.08▲ Improved since 2012
Turkmenistan: 112.03 · world median 106.08 · Food production index (2014–2016 = 100). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2022 edition, data for 2022.
Published values in that edition run from 71.08 to 177.49; higher is better.
Position 73rd of 195 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Behind the world median4
Statistics on which Turkmenistan does worse than the middle country measured.
Cereal YieldFAO · 2023 · world median 3,0721,8343,072▲ Improved since 2013
Turkmenistan: 1,834 · world median 3,072 · Cereal yield (kg per hectare). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 23 to 29,147; higher is better.
Position 128th of 179 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Government AI Readiness IndexOxford Insights · 2025 · world median 40.1922.540.19▼ Worsened since 2022
Turkmenistan: 22.5 · world median 40.19 · AI readiness score (0–100). Oxford Insights, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 12.12 to 88.36; higher is better.
Ranked 159th of 195 by Oxford Insights.
Research and Development SpendingUIS · 2023 · world median 0.8140.090.814▼ Worsened since 2015
Turkmenistan: 0.09 · world median 0.814 · Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP). UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 0.006 to 6.346; higher is better.
Position 81st of 84 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Regulatory QualityWorld Bank Group · 2024 · world median -0.09-1.689-0.09No real change since 2014
Turkmenistan: -1.689 · world median -0.09 · Regulatory Quality (−2.5 to 2.5). World Bank Group, 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from -2.035 to 2.132; higher is better.
Position 202nd of 209 — derived here by ordering the published values, 1st = best. The publisher ranks no country on this.
No better end10
These describe the shape of a country — more is not better or worse, only different — so they are never ahead or behind.
Agricultural LandFAO · 2023 · world median 37.9684.2237.96Moved since 2013
Turkmenistan: 84.22 · world median 37.96 · Agricultural land (% of land area). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 0.445 to 86.48.
Position 2nd of 209 — derived here by ordering the published values, counted from the highest value. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Fertilizer Consumption per HectareFAO · 2023 · world median 87.36347.3187.36Moved since 2013
Turkmenistan: 347.31 · world median 87.36 · Fertilizer consumption (kg per hectare of arable land). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 2,926.
Position 14th of 188 — derived here by ordering the published values, counted from the highest value. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Industry Value Added including Construction (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 24.6535.9724.65Moved since 2015
Turkmenistan: 35.97 · world median 24.65 · Industry, including construction, value added (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 2.228 to 75.09.
Position 23rd of 158 — derived here by ordering the published values, counted from the highest value. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Value Added (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 6.57212.366.572Moved since 2015
Turkmenistan: 12.36 · world median 6.572 · Agriculture, forestry and fishing value added (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0.025 to 47.59.
Position 48th of 158 — derived here by ordering the published values, counted from the highest value. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Public Sector Wage BillWorld Bank Group · 2022 · world median 7.9753.9167.975Moved since 2012
Turkmenistan: 3.916 · world median 7.975 · Public sector wage bill (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2022 edition, data for 2022.
Published values in that edition run from 0.977 to 42.65.
Position 150th of 168 — derived here by ordering the published values, counted from the highest value. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Exports of Goods and Services (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 36.3414.4736.34Moved since 2015
Turkmenistan: 14.47 · world median 36.34 · Exports of goods and services (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 1.103 to 199.76.
Position 126th of 138 — derived here by ordering the published values, counted from the highest value. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Net Official Development Assistance ReceivedOECD Development Assistance Committee · 2023 · world median 2.5790.0962.579Moved since 2013
Turkmenistan: 0.096 · world median 2.579 · Net ODA received (% of GNI). OECD Development Assistance Committee, 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from -0.001 to 101.78.
Position 119th of 130 — derived here by ordering the published values, counted from the highest value. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Livestock DensityFAO · 2023 · world median 0.5350.090.535No real change since 2013
Turkmenistan: 0.09 · world median 0.535 · Livestock units per hectare of agricultural land. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 0.02 to 43.97.
Position 178th of 188 — derived here by ordering the published values, counted from the highest value. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Trade (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 79.6828.1779.68Moved since 2015
Turkmenistan: 28.17 · world median 79.68 · Exports plus imports (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 2.382 to 396.65.
Position 133rd of 138 — derived here by ordering the published values, counted from the highest value. The publisher ranks no country on this.
Imports of Goods and Services (% of GDP)World Bank Group · 2025 · world median 41.7213.741.72Moved since 2015
Turkmenistan: 13.7 · world median 41.72 · Imports of goods and services (% of GDP). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 1.279 to 196.89.
Position 135th of 138 — derived here by ordering the published values, counted from the highest value. The publisher ranks no country on this.
No current reading for Turkmenistan
Account Ownership at a Financial Institution (last 2017), Adjusted Net Savings, Business Ready: Operational Efficiency, Business Ready: Public Services, Business Ready: Regulatory Framework, Container Port Traffic, Debt Service on External Debt (last 1997), General Government Consumption (last 2024), Gini Index, Global Innovation Index, GNI per Capita (PPP) (last 2021), Gross Capital Formation (% of GDP) (last 2009), Gross Savings (% of GDP), Household Consumption (last 2012), ICT Goods Exports (last 2000), Income Share Held by Lowest 20%, Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, Logistics Performance Index (last 2018), Manufacturing Value Added (% of GDP) (last 2004), Poverty Gap at $3.00 a Day, Poverty Headcount Ratio at $3.00 a Day, Poverty Headcount Ratio at $8.30 a Day, Prosperity Gap, Total Natural Resources Rents (% of GDP) (last 2019) and World Energy Trilemma Index. Listed rather than hidden, so the page can be checked against it.
05Country Index 2026
Economy & Innovation among Turkmenistan’s 10 topics
Economy & Innovation is Turkmenistan’s 4th best-placed topic of 10. Strongest first; each marker sits at the position divided by that topic’s field, so fields of different sizes compare fairly.
- Education & Knowledge56th of 1824/4 keys
- Development & Human Capital86th of 1943/3 keys
- Risk & Resiliencejoint 88th of 1913/3 keys
- Economy & Innovation101st of 1502/3 keys
- Work & Labour123rd of 1824/4 keys
- Health & Wellbeing146th of 2013/4 keys
- Peace & Security130th of 1772/3 keys
- Environment & Sustainability154th of 1612/3 keys
- Governance & Institutions185th of 1935/5 keys
- Democracy & Civil Liberties190th of 1983/3 keys
No standing on Gender & Equality, Mobility & Connectivity: too few of those topics’ key statistics are published for this country.
06The top of the list
Who leads on economy & innovation
The three countries placed highest of 150, and the leaders Turkmenistan can most readily be measured against.
1
IcelandNorthern Europe
1st of 150 · 2 of 3 keys
Photo: Hansueli Krapf · CC BY-SA 3.0, greyscale
2
SwitzerlandWestern Europe
2nd of 150 · 3 of 3 keys
Photo: Simon Koopmann derivative work: Jjtkk · CC BY-SA 2.0 de, greyscale
3
AustriaWestern Europe
3rd of 150 · 3 of 3 keys
Photo: chensiyuan · CC BY-SA 4.0, greyscale
Placed highest nearby
Highest in Asia
Singapore4th3/3 keysHighest in Central Asia
Kazakhstan47th3/3 keysThis page
Turkmenistan101st2/3 keys
Positions out of 150 placed on the topic. A country needs readings on enough keys to be placed, and the top of the list is often held on fewer of them.
07Analysis
Charts and analysis about Turkmenistan and economy & innovation
On economy & innovation
China Leads Global High-Technology Exports
The world’s ten largest high-technology exporters as a treemap, with the rest of the world beside them. Each country’s figure is its own most recent year, between 2022 and 2024.
On economy & innovation
India vs Pakistan 2025: Comparison of Hunger Index, Happiness, HDI, Rule of Law, Literacy & GDP
India and Pakistan on six published measures: hunger, happiness, human development, rule of law, literacy and GDP per capita. India is the better placed on five of them; Pakistan on one.
On economy & innovation
Countries in Asia with the highest average salaries 2024
Thirteen Asian countries by gross average monthly wage, each carrying its WORLD rank rather than an Asian one — so the numbers skip, from 11th place to 45th.
08Questions
Turkmenistan on economy & innovation: questions answered
Every answer is built from the numbers on this page, so none can say something the page does not.
How does Turkmenistan rank on economy & innovation?
Turkmenistan is placed 101st of 150 countries on Economy & Innovation in the Country Index 2026, from 2 of its 3 key statistics (GDP per Capita (PPP) and Economic Complexity Index). The position is this site’s ordering of published statistics, not a rank any publisher printed.
What is the latest GDP per Capita (PPP) figure for Turkmenistan?
19,314 in 2025 (gDP per capita (constant 2021 international $, PPP)), according to World Bank Group. The world median in the same edition was 17,265.
What is the latest Economic Complexity Index figure for Turkmenistan?
-1.202 in 2024 (eCI score (standardised, roughly −3 to +3)), according to Growth Lab at Harvard University. The world median in the same edition was 0.131.
How does Turkmenistan compare with Iran on economy & innovation?
Iran is placed joint 67th of 150, and Turkmenistan 101st. GDP per Capita (PPP): Iran 16,834, Turkmenistan 19,314; Economic Complexity Index: Iran -0.071, Turkmenistan -1.202.
How have Turkmenistan’s economy & innovation figures changed?
GDP per Capita (PPP) rose from 5,064 in 2000 to 19,314 in 2025; Economic Complexity Index was -1.202 in both 2000 and 2024.
Which economy & innovation statistics are missing for Turkmenistan?
No current reading is published for Turkmenistan on Account Ownership at a Financial Institution, Adjusted Net Savings, Business Ready: Operational Efficiency, Business Ready: Public Services, Business Ready: Regulatory Framework, Container Port Traffic, Debt Service on External Debt, General Government Consumption, Gini Index, Global Innovation Index, GNI per Capita (PPP), Gross Capital Formation (% of GDP), Gross Savings (% of GDP), Household Consumption, ICT Goods Exports, Income Share Held by Lowest 20%, Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, Liner Shipping Connectivity Index, Logistics Performance Index, Manufacturing Value Added (% of GDP), Poverty Gap at $3.00 a Day, Poverty Headcount Ratio at $3.00 a Day, Poverty Headcount Ratio at $8.30 a Day, Prosperity Gap, Total Natural Resources Rents (% of GDP) and World Energy Trilemma Index. They are listed rather than hidden, so the evidence on the page can be checked against it.
09Keep reading
Explore further
Turkmenistan, topic by topic
- Governance & Institutions185th of 193
- Work & Labour123rd of 182
- Education & Knowledge56th of 182
- Health & Wellbeing146th of 201
- Development & Human Capital86th of 194
- Environment & Sustainability154th of 161
- Democracy & Civil Liberties190th of 198
- Peace & Security130th of 177
- Risk & Resilience=88th of 191
- The full Turkmenistan profile
Nearby, on economy & innovation
The key statistics, for every country
10Method
Method, sources and how to cite
What this topic does not measure
The total size of an economy is deliberately left out: a very large economy spread over a very large population is not doing more for each person. Growth rates, trade shares and the structure of output (how much is farming, industry or services) are published here as context, because they describe an economy's shape rather than how well it serves people. Jobs and wages have their own topic, Work & Labour.
How the Economy & Innovation standing is decided, step by step
A standing is a place in a list, not a mark out of anything. This one is part of the Country Index 2026, and it is worked out like this.
- A few key indicators decide it; the rest are context. 3 indicators on this topic are keys and 44 are charted alongside them without a vote. That split is the point: if every statistic voted, importing five more of one kind would quietly change what the topic is about.
- Each key is read at one edition. ⚠ The keys behind this standing do not all describe the same year — they run from 2024 to 2025, because publishers release on their own schedules. Read the standing as “how this country places now”, not as a snapshot of one year.
- Every country’s published value is turned into a place within that one key’s own field, and then expressed as a share of that field — how far down this key’s list the country sits, rather than how many countries are above it. Keys where a higher published number is worse (terrorism, hunger, disaster risk) are turned round first, so the good end is always the same end.
- Dividing by the field first is the whole reason this works. A place carries the size of its list inside it: 22nd of 44 and 108th of 215 are the same showing, and averaging the numbers 22 and 108 says loudly that they are not. Fields on this site run from about 44 countries to about 215, so averaging raw places would reward a country for happening to be measured in small ones. Dividing each place by its own field removes the size and leaves only the showing.
- The shares are averaged, plainly. One key, one vote — no key is weighted above another, because any weighting would be this site’s opinion presented as a measurement. Countries are then put in order by that average, and the average itself is never published. It is our arithmetic with nothing anchoring it, so printing it would invite it to be read as a measurement somebody made. The position it produces, the band, and the keys it was built from are all published instead — every one of them checkable against the tables on this page.
- A country needs 2 of this topic’s 3 keys — half, rounded up, and never fewer than 2. A standing built from one reading, printed beside one built from four, is two different things sharing a column heading. 150 countries clear the bar here.
- A key has to earn its vote every edition. It must measure at least 120 countries (below that it starts measuring who was surveyed rather than the world), it must not have more than 10% of its field tied at either end, and it must not repeat another key in the same topic — Spearman correlation above 0.92 counts as repeating. A topic needs at least 2 surviving keys to place anyone at all; this one has 3.
- A standing is relative, and the grouping is ours. It says where a country places against the others measured alongside it, so it moves when they move. The publishers listed on this page did not agree to be read together, and each measures its subject its own way: the underlying numbers are theirs, the ordering on top is this site’s — the same method as the rest of the Country Index, applied to one subject instead of all of them.
The key statistics and their licences
- GDP per Capita (PPP) — World Bank Group, CC BY 4.0
- Economic Complexity Index — Growth Lab at Harvard University, CC0 1.0
- Account Ownership at a Financial Institution — World Bank Group, CC BY 4.0
The other 19 statistics on this page come from 5 publishers, each named beside its numbers, with every edition and licence on the datasets pages.
The standing itself is part of the Country Index 2026, published under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Photographs
Turkmenistan’s banner and the countries placed highest, from their profiles: Wikimedia Commons, shown in greyscale, each used under the licence named.
- Turkmenistan (banner) — Rastapopulous, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Iceland — Hansueli Krapf, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Switzerland — Simon Koopmann derivative work: Jjtkk, CC BY-SA 2.0 de
- Austria — chensiyuan, CC BY-SA 4.0
Cite this page
Nations Inquiry (2026). Turkmenistan: Economy & Innovation — standing and statistics, Country Index 2026. https://nationsinquiry.com/countries/turkmenistan/economy