Data for 1999

V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1999

Name: V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1999
Creator: V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg
License: https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/

1999, as V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release gives it · stored as published, never rewritten

V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1999 covers 175 countries on 5 measures. Sweden is highest, at 0.909; Saudi Arabia is lowest, at 0.016. The middle country reads 0.491. Against 1998, 107 values changed (53 up, 54 down), 1 country joined.

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V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index · Data for 1999

HighestSweden

0.909

LowestSaudi Arabia

0.016

Shaded by value in five groups of equal size, darkest at the better end.

175countries
5measures per country
1999the year it describes
155distinct values3 decimals, as published
Sep 11, 2026read from the publisher
CC BY-SA 4.0licence

01Position · derived

The table

Every country and every column of V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1999, as published. V-Dem Institute ranks nobody on this measure; the position is derived here by ordering the published values. “=” marks a shared position.

Search this table

Showing 25 of 175 countries · select a heading to sort

V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1999: every country, as published by V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg.
derived
1	Sweden`SWE`Northern Europe	0.909	0.876	0.685	0.879	0.866
2	Denmark`DNK`Northern Europe	0.906	0.878	0.731	0.861	0.867
3	Germany`DEU`Western Europe	0.899	0.860	0.652	0.872	0.835
4	Spain`ESP`Southern Europe	0.894	0.820	0.636	0.795	0.815
5	Costa Rica`CRI`Central America	0.893	0.841	0.629	0.833	0.780
6	Switzerland`CHE`Western Europe	0.890	0.838	0.787	0.855	0.820
=7	Australia`AUS`Australia and New Zealand	0.883	0.842	0.643	0.795	0.791
=7	Belgium`BEL`Western Europe	0.883	0.816	0.635	0.794	0.822
=7	Greece`GRC`Southern Europe	0.883	0.798	0.600	0.756	0.799
10	Norway`NOR`Northern Europe	0.882	0.848	0.659	0.854	0.842
=11	Ireland`IRL`Northern Europe	0.880	0.804	0.630	0.724	0.774
=11	New Zealand`NZL`Australia and New Zealand	0.880	0.825	0.711	0.756	0.768
13	Czechia`CZE`Eastern Europe	0.878	0.801	0.567	0.782	0.790
14	Poland`POL`Eastern Europe	0.876	0.798	0.643	0.744	0.767
15	Uruguay`URY`South America	0.875	0.802	0.733	0.802	0.749
=16	Finland`FIN`Northern Europe	0.873	0.833	0.641	0.823	0.810
=16	France`FRA`Western Europe	0.873	0.798	0.643	0.802	0.766
18	Estonia`EST`Northern Europe	0.869	0.807	0.613	0.759	0.761
=19	Iceland`ISL`Northern Europe	0.868	0.781	0.615	0.742	0.791
=19	Luxembourg`LUX`Western Europe	0.868	0.785	0.589	0.796	0.815
=19	Portugal`PRT`Southern Europe	0.868	0.815	0.617	0.758	0.784
=19	United States`USA`Northern America	0.868	0.808	0.626	0.821	0.706
23	Netherlands`NLD`Western Europe	0.866	0.817	0.589	0.790	0.791
24	Austria`AUT`Western Europe	0.857	0.780	0.632	0.771	0.759
=25	Brazil`BRA`South America	0.850	0.713	0.594	0.729	0.579
=25	Chile`CHL`South America	0.850	0.785	0.553	0.764	0.553
27	Slovakia`SVK`Eastern Europe	0.844	0.745	0.664	0.691	0.639
28	Italy`ITA`Southern Europe	0.843	0.758	0.652	0.782	0.770
29	Hungary`HUN`Eastern Europe	0.839	0.750	0.629	0.632	0.698
=30	Japan`JPN`Eastern Asia	0.837	0.757	0.554	0.737	0.755
=30	Slovenia`SVN`Southern Europe	0.837	0.759	0.649	0.757	0.753
32	Canada`CAN`Northern America	0.836	0.756	0.591	0.750	0.712
33	United Kingdom`GBR`Northern Europe	0.835	0.770	0.579	0.720	0.698
34	Argentina`ARG`South America	0.828	0.640	0.571	0.767	0.656
35	Lithuania`LTU`Northern Europe	0.827	0.756	0.604	0.706	0.731
36	Latvia`LVA`Northern Europe	0.816	0.701	0.565	0.604	0.661
37	South Korea`KOR`Eastern Asia	0.811	0.736	0.572	0.749	0.706
38	Malta`MLT`Southern Europe	0.786	0.597	0.514	0.660	0.669
39	Cabo Verde`CPV`Western Africa	0.778	0.692	0.460	0.648	0.604
40	Trinidad and Tobago`TTO`Caribbean	0.776	0.646	0.482	0.590	0.638
41	Israel`ISR`Western Asia	0.773	0.696	0.516	0.632	0.638
42	Barbados`BRB`Caribbean	0.770	0.656	0.329	0.615	0.626
43	Suriname`SUR`South America	0.769	0.652	0.505	0.617	0.568
44	Cyprus`CYP`Western Asia	0.765	0.632	0.491	0.672	0.626
45	Bolivia`BOL`South America	0.743	0.523	0.441	0.595	0.479
46	India`IND`Southern Asia	0.737	0.586	0.482	0.669	0.491
47	Mauritius`MUS`Eastern Africa	0.723	0.616	0.458	0.663	0.564
48	Bulgaria`BGR`Eastern Europe	0.716	0.616	0.449	0.632	0.574
49	South Africa`ZAF`Southern Africa	0.709	0.598	0.485	0.616	0.475
50	Mongolia`MNG`Eastern Asia	0.707	0.603	0.401	0.604	0.598
51	Botswana`BWA`Southern Africa	0.703	0.607	0.467	0.598	0.475
52	Panama`PAN`Central America	0.698	0.524	0.441	0.570	0.452
53	Ecuador`ECU`South America	0.693	0.454	0.477	0.412	0.384
54	Jamaica`JAM`Caribbean	0.670	0.522	0.420	0.530	0.503
55	Namibia`NAM`Southern Africa	0.669	0.550	0.413	0.555	0.434
56	Venezuela`VEN`South America	0.665	0.440	0.477	0.504	0.474
57	Taiwan`TWN`Eastern Asia	0.649	0.489	0.428	0.540	0.541
58	Dominican Republic`DOM`Caribbean	0.647	0.378	0.418	0.501	0.335
=59	São Tomé and Príncipe`STP`Middle Africa	0.642	0.513	0.414	0.428	0.439
=59	Senegal`SEN`Western Africa	0.642	0.475	0.366	0.543	0.441
61	Bosnia and Herzegovina`BIH`Southern Europe	0.621	0.361	0.348	0.389	0.409
62	Romania`ROU`Eastern Europe	0.619	0.435	0.389	0.404	0.489
63	Vanuatu`VUT`Melanesia	0.617	0.517	0.375	0.467	0.487
64	Benin`BEN`Western Africa	0.613	0.497	0.334	0.552	0.451
65	Mexico`MEX`Central America	0.605	0.381	0.359	0.415	0.302
=66	Ghana`GHA`Western Africa	0.597	0.504	0.316	0.490	0.407
=66	Nicaragua`NIC`Central America	0.597	0.383	0.347	0.453	0.289
68	Moldova`MDA`Eastern Europe	0.587	0.452	0.359	0.459	0.416
69	Philippines`PHL`South-eastern Asia	0.576	0.437	0.396	0.485	0.307
70	Türkiye`TUR`Western Asia	0.570	0.413	0.332	0.415	0.361
71	North Macedonia`MKD`Southern Europe	0.564	0.429	0.324	0.283	0.406
72	Honduras`HND`Central America	0.556	0.316	0.303	0.455	0.224
73	Indonesia`IDN`South-eastern Asia	0.550	0.417	0.319	0.510	0.374
74	Fiji`FJI`Melanesia	0.542	0.403	0.290	0.415	0.349
=75	Colombia`COL`South America	0.538	0.417	0.367	0.339	0.324
=75	Papua New Guinea`PNG`Melanesia	0.538	0.415	0.317	0.326	0.300
77	Paraguay`PRY`South America	0.535	0.385	0.324	0.280	0.184
78	Sri Lanka`LKA`Southern Asia	0.529	0.336	0.301	0.294	0.348
79	Guyana`GUY`South America	0.522	0.337	0.322	0.231	0.358
80	Mali`MLI`Western Africa	0.519	0.366	0.363	0.434	0.354
=81	Bangladesh`BGD`Southern Asia	0.512	0.275	0.234	0.201	0.214
=81	Malawi`MWI`Eastern Africa	0.512	0.401	0.247	0.403	0.311
83	Solomon Islands`SLB`Melanesia	0.511	0.375	0.286	0.313	0.309
84	Thailand`THA`South-eastern Asia	0.507	0.385	0.231	0.479	0.286
85	El Salvador`SLV`Central America	0.505	0.297	0.311	0.326	0.219
86	Madagascar`MDG`Eastern Africa	0.503	0.272	0.316	0.240	0.241
=87	Guatemala`GTM`Central America	0.491	0.291	0.311	0.379	0.208
=87	Tanzania`TZA`Eastern Africa	0.491	0.403	0.314	0.367	0.361
89	Burkina Faso`BFA`Western Africa	0.487	0.304	0.247	0.375	0.336
90	Zambia`ZMB`Eastern Africa	0.478	0.374	0.312	0.416	0.315
91	Russia`RUS`Eastern Europe	0.461	0.284	0.287	0.352	0.312
92	Mozambique`MOZ`Eastern Africa	0.453	0.298	0.273	0.283	0.295
93	Haiti`HTI`Caribbean	0.442	0.282	0.254	0.304	0.155
94	Montenegro`MNE`Southern Europe	0.432	0.331	0.258	0.322	0.346
95	Croatia`HRV`Southern Europe	0.431	0.272	0.251	0.169	0.347
96	Ukraine`UKR`Eastern Europe	0.422	0.245	0.235	0.268	0.307
97	Armenia`ARM`Western Asia	0.413	0.211	0.207	0.215	0.358
98	Albania`ALB`Southern Europe	0.392	0.326	0.263	0.307	0.289
99	Côte d’Ivoire`CIV`Western Africa	0.389	0.244	0.243	0.229	0.235
100	Nepal`NPL`Southern Asia	0.388	0.307	0.218	0.326	0.280
101	Georgia`GEO`Western Asia	0.378	0.214	0.121	0.224	0.293
102	Nigeria`NGA`Western Africa	0.376	0.243	0.271	0.319	0.220
=103	Hong Kong`HKG`Eastern Asia	0.371	0.325	0.142	0.336	0.327
=103	Singapore`SGP`South-eastern Asia	0.371	0.301	0.096	0.306	0.325
105	Seychelles`SYC`Eastern Africa	0.368	0.259	0.143	0.272	0.325
106	Guinea-Bissau`GNB`Western Africa	0.364	0.201	0.147	0.175	0.185
107	Kenya`KEN`Eastern Africa	0.363	0.225	0.213	0.333	0.226
108	Peru`PER`South America	0.349	0.120	0.203	0.177	0.175
=109	Central African Republic`CAF`Middle Africa	0.346	0.217	0.150	0.240	0.207
=109	Liberia`LBR`Western Africa	0.346	0.159	0.167	0.217	0.190
111	Pakistan`PAK`Southern Asia	0.340	0.167	0.182	0.225	0.124
112	Gabon`GAB`Middle Africa	0.338	0.203	0.234	0.288	0.217
113	Belarus`BLR`Eastern Europe	0.332	0.114	0.118	0.104	0.313
114	Algeria`DZA`Northern Africa	0.328	0.161	0.147	0.286	0.260
115	Cambodia`KHM`South-eastern Asia	0.321	0.125	0.120	0.208	0.120
116	Lesotho`LSO`Southern Africa	0.315	0.260	0.164	0.223	0.294
117	Lebanon`LBN`Western Asia	0.312	0.188	0.116	0.221	0.216
118	Zimbabwe`ZWE`Eastern Africa	0.310	0.228	0.207	0.256	0.189
119	Uganda`UGA`Eastern Africa	0.305	0.239	0.204	0.272	0.214
120	Mauritania`MRT`Western Africa	0.302	0.133	0.113	0.154	0.145
121	Serbia`SRB`Southern Europe	0.298	0.185	0.183	0.130	0.250
122	Togo`TGO`Western Africa	0.297	0.154	0.121	0.203	0.250
123	Comoros`COM`Eastern Africa	0.296	0.135	0.193	0.225	0.235
124	Cameroon`CMR`Middle Africa	0.292	0.147	0.148	0.153	0.170
125	Kyrgyzstan`KGZ`Central Asia	0.286	0.177	0.133	0.189	0.244
126	Kuwait`KWT`Western Asia	0.284	0.269	0.092	0.286	0.230
127	Chad`TCD`Middle Africa	0.279	0.097	0.134	0.120	0.103
128	Kazakhstan`KAZ`Central Asia	0.268	0.128	0.103	0.093	0.189
129	Malaysia`MYS`South-eastern Asia	0.266	0.162	0.170	0.180	0.207
130	Guinea`GIN`Western Africa	0.265	0.110	0.150	0.149	0.153
131	Yemen`YEM`Western Asia	0.262	0.131	0.073	0.160	0.098
132	Gambia`GMB`Western Africa	0.258	0.127	0.153	0.084	0.177
133	Niger`NER`Western Africa	0.255	0.173	0.154	0.187	0.229
134	Djibouti`DJI`Eastern Africa	0.246	0.114	0.113	0.126	0.155
135	Ethiopia`ETH`Eastern Africa	0.245	0.111	0.094	0.152	0.157
136	Azerbaijan`AZE`Western Asia	0.239	0.079	0.085	0.084	0.157
137	Iran`IRN`Southern Asia	0.234	0.160	0.073	0.260	0.197
138	Sierra Leone`SLE`Western Africa	0.230	0.081	0.157	0.243	0.128
139	Jordan`JOR`Western Asia	0.222	0.196	0.082	0.206	0.185
140	Kosovo`XKX`Southern Europe	0.219	0.140	0.126	0.155	0.208
141	Egypt`EGY`Northern Africa	0.215	0.155	0.075	0.157	0.106
142	Morocco`MAR`Northern Africa	0.213	0.198	0.108	0.164	0.141
143	Tajikistan`TJK`Central Asia	0.209	0.071	0.098	0.109	0.143
144	Tunisia`TUN`Northern Africa	0.188	0.091	0.118	0.146	0.204
145	Burundi`BDI`Eastern Africa	0.185	0.148	0.133	0.209	0.169
146	Equatorial Guinea`GNQ`Middle Africa	0.182	0.051	0.048	0.061	0.112
147	Somaliland`XSL`Eastern Africa	0.170	0.138	0.110	0.155	0.103
148	Republic of the Congo`COG`Middle Africa	0.165	0.075	0.109	0.132	0.074
=149	Maldives`MDV`Southern Asia	0.158	0.057	0.069	0.031	0.150
=149	Somalia`SOM`Eastern Africa	0.158	0.027	0.069	0.067	0.043
=149	Uzbekistan`UZB`Central Asia	0.158	0.035	0.056	0.050	0.124
152	Angola`AGO`Middle Africa	0.155	0.076	0.062	0.055	0.063
153	Vietnam`VNM`South-eastern Asia	0.153	0.089	0.168	0.166	0.191
=154	DR Congo`COD`Middle Africa	0.149	0.043	0.096	0.060	0.123
=154	Sudan`SDN`Northern Africa	0.149	0.034	0.063	0.043	0.056
156	Iraq`IRQ`Western Asia	0.146	0.070	0.046	0.015	0.093
157	Syria`SYR`Western Asia	0.144	0.038	0.053	0.021	0.127
158	Turkmenistan`TKM`Central Asia	0.143	0.024	0.068	0.020	0.099
159	Eswatini`SWZ`Southern Africa	0.123	0.096	0.128	0.076	0.072
160	Eritrea`ERI`Eastern Africa	0.122	0.031	0.018	0.050	0.160
161	Cuba`CUB`Caribbean	0.113	0.040	0.043	0.056	0.233
162	Timor-Leste`TLS`South-eastern Asia	0.110	0.089	—	0.028	0.081
163	Rwanda`RWA`Eastern Africa	0.107	0.125	0.107	0.101	0.166
164	China`CHN`Eastern Asia	0.102	0.070	0.038	0.131	0.110
165	Myanmar`MMR`South-eastern Asia	0.096	0.017	0.043	0.024	0.071
166	Bhutan`BTN`Southern Asia	0.088	0.148	0.110	0.172	0.177
167	Laos`LAO`South-eastern Asia	0.087	0.088	0.091	0.040	0.105
168	North Korea`PRK`Eastern Asia	0.083	0.014	0.043	0.007	0.085
169	Afghanistan`AFG`Southern Asia	0.073	0.022	0.013	0.007	0.038
170	Libya`LBY`Northern Africa	0.072	0.048	0.044	0.046	0.125
171	Bahrain`BHR`Western Asia	0.049	—	0.013	0.047	0.104
172	United Arab Emirates`ARE`Western Asia	0.028	0.070	0.014	0.117	0.094
=173	Oman`OMN`Western Asia	0.017	0.087	0.050	0.037	0.136
=173	Qatar`QAT`Western Asia	0.017	0.088	0.014	0.045	0.116
175	Saudi Arabia`SAU`Western Asia	0.016	0.039	0.019	0.035	0.109

02In 1999

At either end

The 5 countries at each end of the headline, then the highest and lowest on each other measure.

Highest

1Sweden0.909
2Denmark0.906
3Germany0.899
4Spain0.894
5Costa Rica0.893

Lowest

175Saudi Arabia0.016
173Qatarshared0.017
173Omanshared0.017
172United Arab Emirates0.028
171Bahrain0.049

A higher value is the better result. The middle country reads 0.491. “Shared” marks a value another country also holds.

Each measure’s ends

Liberal democracy (0–1)
HighestDenmark0.878
LowestNorth Korea0.014
Middle country: 0.321
Participatory democracy (0–1)
HighestSwitzerland0.787
Lowest2 share it
Middle country: 0.279
Deliberative democracy (0–1)
HighestSweden0.879
Lowest2 share it
Middle country: 0.322
Egalitarian democracy (0–1)
HighestDenmark0.867
LowestAfghanistan0.038
Middle country: 0.307

031998 → 1999

Since 1998

What changed between 1998 and this one: who joined or left, and how far the headline moved.

+1 / −0countries joined / left
107values changed, of 174 in both
53 · 54rose · fell
67unchanged

Rose most

Indonesia0.286 → 0.550+0.264
Nigeria0.222 → 0.376+0.154
Montenegro0.353 → 0.432+0.079
Slovakia0.765 → 0.844+0.079
North Macedonia0.503 → 0.564+0.061

Fell most

Comoros0.430 → 0.296−0.134
Niger0.385 → 0.255−0.130
Venezuela0.730 → 0.665−0.065
Lesotho0.371 → 0.315−0.056
Malawi0.567 → 0.512−0.055

+ Kosovo

Both years come from the same release, so a difference here is a change in the data, not a revision of it. Every country’s full history is charted on the statistic page.

04Caveats

Read before you use

What this edition’s numbers are and are not, worked out from the file itself.

How values are stored

One year of the 2026 release
Every year in this series comes from V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release, recalculated on one method. It can differ from what was first published for 1999.
155 distinct values among 175
Values are stored exactly as published, to 3 decimals. 4 countries share 0.868. Countries sharing a value share a position too.
The position is ours
V-Dem Institute publishes values only; the order is this site’s.
2 empty cells
An empty cell means the publisher gave no figure. It is never a zero.

05The files

Download and cite

The table as a file, digit for digit, what this site changed, and a citation for this edition.

Licence in full

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Download vdem-democracy-1999-nations-inquiry.csv
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The publisher’s original
V-Dem Institute’s own file, on its own site.
V-Dem-CY-Core-v16_csv.zip

What this site changed: Reshaped into one row per country: regional and income-group totals are left out, only the columns listed are kept, each row gets its ISO 3166 code, and some country names are brought to one spelling. No value is recalculated, rescaled or rounded.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · what it allows, in plain words

Cite this edition

V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg (1999). V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1999 [data set], describing 1999. As held by Nations Inquiry, https://nationsinquiry.com/datasets/vdem-democracy/1999

0636 held

Other years

‹ The year before
V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1998
174 countries
The year after ›
V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 2000
175 countries
All of them
V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index: every year
36 held, with the data dictionary, coverage and licence.
How it has moved, charted by country

07Questions