Data for 1994

V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1994

Name: V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1994
Creator: V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg
License: https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/

1994, as V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release gives it · stored as published, never rewritten

V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1994 covers 173 countries on 5 measures. Sweden is highest, at 0.911; Oman is lowest, at 0.015. The middle country reads 0.450. Against 1993, 117 values changed (78 up, 39 down), the same countries are covered.

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V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index · Data for 1994

HighestSweden

0.911

LowestOman

0.015

Shaded by value in five groups of equal size, darkest at the better end.

173countries
5measures per country
1994the year it describes
162distinct values3 decimals, as published
Sep 11, 2026read from the publisher
CC BY-SA 4.0licence

01Position · derived

The table

Every country and every column of V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1994, as published. V-Dem Institute ranks nobody on this measure; the position is derived here by ordering the published values. “=” marks a shared position.

Search this table

Showing 25 of 173 countries · select a heading to sort

V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1994: every country, as published by V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg.
derived
1	Sweden`SWE`Northern Europe	0.911	0.877	0.689	0.883	0.874
2	Denmark`DNK`Northern Europe	0.909	0.881	0.734	0.864	0.869
3	Czechia`CZE`Eastern Europe	0.895	0.819	0.579	0.768	0.810
=4	Costa Rica`CRI`Central America	0.893	0.841	0.626	0.832	0.787
=4	Germany`DEU`Western Europe	0.893	0.853	0.647	0.864	0.825
6	Spain`ESP`Southern Europe	0.892	0.818	0.653	0.804	0.813
7	Poland`POL`Eastern Europe	0.890	0.811	0.612	0.768	0.783
8	Australia`AUS`Australia and New Zealand	0.889	0.848	0.661	0.802	0.795
9	Switzerland`CHE`Western Europe	0.886	0.834	0.787	0.852	0.813
10	Greece`GRC`Southern Europe	0.884	0.792	0.601	0.752	0.794
11	Norway`NOR`Northern Europe	0.881	0.847	0.661	0.853	0.840
12	Belgium`BEL`Western Europe	0.879	0.808	0.629	0.789	0.819
13	France`FRA`Western Europe	0.875	0.801	0.652	0.804	0.762
14	New Zealand`NZL`Australia and New Zealand	0.872	0.813	0.666	0.719	0.741
=15	Finland`FIN`Northern Europe	0.871	0.831	0.641	0.801	0.802
=15	Ireland`IRL`Northern Europe	0.871	0.788	0.622	0.716	0.771
17	Estonia`EST`Northern Europe	0.869	0.797	0.622	0.739	0.758
18	Luxembourg`LUX`Western Europe	0.868	0.785	0.588	0.795	0.815
19	United States`USA`Northern America	0.867	0.806	0.624	0.830	0.705
20	Iceland`ISL`Northern Europe	0.862	0.776	0.610	0.736	0.786
21	Netherlands`NLD`Western Europe	0.861	0.813	0.585	0.787	0.786
=22	Austria`AUT`Western Europe	0.858	0.782	0.641	0.764	0.757
=22	Portugal`PRT`Southern Europe	0.858	0.803	0.579	0.737	0.766
24	Chile`CHL`South America	0.850	0.783	0.541	0.739	0.549
25	Brazil`BRA`South America	0.846	0.707	0.570	0.704	0.556
26	Slovenia`SVN`Southern Europe	0.845	0.765	0.612	0.749	0.760
=27	Canada`CAN`Northern America	0.842	0.762	0.609	0.754	0.716
=27	Hungary`HUN`Eastern Europe	0.842	0.755	0.611	0.656	0.719
29	Japan`JPN`Eastern Asia	0.839	0.760	0.544	0.738	0.756
30	Uruguay`URY`South America	0.838	0.761	0.711	0.764	0.713
31	Argentina`ARG`South America	0.834	0.633	0.576	0.775	0.658
32	Italy`ITA`Southern Europe	0.830	0.743	0.640	0.759	0.757
33	Lithuania`LTU`Northern Europe	0.828	0.757	0.619	0.691	0.717
34	United Kingdom`GBR`Northern Europe	0.814	0.751	0.563	0.685	0.652
35	Latvia`LVA`Northern Europe	0.800	0.680	0.512	0.634	0.642
36	Malta`MLT`Southern Europe	0.776	0.586	0.508	0.652	0.674
37	Trinidad and Tobago`TTO`Caribbean	0.775	0.645	0.488	0.590	0.640
38	Cyprus`CYP`Western Asia	0.774	0.635	0.500	0.646	0.621
39	Israel`ISR`Western Asia	0.772	0.694	0.509	0.628	0.615
40	Barbados`BRB`Caribbean	0.762	0.646	0.325	0.573	0.620
41	Suriname`SUR`South America	0.751	0.639	0.504	0.603	0.548
42	Venezuela`VEN`South America	0.748	0.602	0.484	0.659	0.514
43	India`IND`Southern Asia	0.738	0.582	0.482	0.670	0.500
44	South Korea`KOR`Eastern Asia	0.731	0.612	0.428	0.621	0.599
45	Mauritius`MUS`Eastern Africa	0.725	0.619	0.461	0.665	0.564
46	Bolivia`BOL`South America	0.718	0.481	0.411	0.620	0.459
47	Cabo Verde`CPV`Western Africa	0.714	0.635	0.418	0.592	0.534
48	Panama`PAN`Central America	0.707	0.533	0.447	0.582	0.471
49	Slovakia`SVK`Eastern Europe	0.704	0.539	0.493	0.389	0.528
50	Mongolia`MNG`Eastern Asia	0.698	0.581	0.404	0.594	0.590
51	Ecuador`ECU`South America	0.697	0.450	0.464	0.429	0.362
52	Bulgaria`BGR`Eastern Europe	0.692	0.593	0.437	0.611	0.561
53	Nicaragua`NIC`Central America	0.690	0.484	0.427	0.582	0.363
54	Botswana`BWA`Southern Africa	0.676	0.580	0.438	0.571	0.431
55	São Tomé and Príncipe`STP`Middle Africa	0.633	0.503	0.416	0.424	0.433
56	Senegal`SEN`Western Africa	0.627	0.463	0.345	0.530	0.428
57	Jamaica`JAM`Caribbean	0.623	0.486	0.387	0.493	0.467
58	Vanuatu`VUT`Melanesia	0.615	0.518	0.374	0.467	0.487
59	Benin`BEN`Western Africa	0.598	0.491	0.292	0.536	0.442
60	Mali`MLI`Western Africa	0.594	0.426	0.413	0.500	0.395
61	Namibia`NAM`Southern Africa	0.587	0.487	0.362	0.492	0.384
62	Armenia`ARM`Western Asia	0.584	0.318	0.264	0.409	0.503
63	Moldova`MDA`Eastern Europe	0.575	0.410	0.314	0.297	0.399
64	Romania`ROU`Eastern Europe	0.562	0.392	0.352	0.339	0.454
65	Colombia`COL`South America	0.558	0.426	0.386	0.314	0.337
66	Madagascar`MDG`Eastern Africa	0.555	0.372	0.334	0.266	0.263
=67	Belarus`BLR`Eastern Europe	0.546	0.404	0.306	0.287	0.458
=67	Ukraine`UKR`Eastern Europe	0.546	0.351	0.303	0.363	0.436
69	Philippines`PHL`South-eastern Asia	0.542	0.409	0.377	0.492	0.285
70	Niger`NER`Western Africa	0.541	0.407	0.249	0.438	0.378
71	Papua New Guinea`PNG`Melanesia	0.537	0.413	0.317	0.327	0.299
72	Türkiye`TUR`Western Asia	0.536	0.371	0.328	0.406	0.329
73	Solomon Islands`SLB`Melanesia	0.532	0.413	0.298	0.313	0.318
74	Honduras`HND`Central America	0.527	0.286	0.276	0.407	0.210
75	Fiji`FJI`Melanesia	0.525	0.383	0.280	0.429	0.332
76	Paraguay`PRY`South America	0.518	0.377	0.316	0.267	0.169
77	Bangladesh`BGD`Southern Asia	0.513	0.269	0.224	0.219	0.213
78	Sri Lanka`LKA`Southern Asia	0.490	0.315	0.277	0.276	0.329
79	Zambia`ZMB`Eastern Africa	0.482	0.377	0.312	0.412	0.315
80	Burkina Faso`BFA`Western Africa	0.481	0.256	0.217	0.357	0.334
81	Ghana`GHA`Western Africa	0.479	0.388	0.256	0.394	0.338
82	Russia`RUS`Eastern Europe	0.477	0.293	0.301	0.383	0.324
83	El Salvador`SLV`Central America	0.471	0.258	0.275	0.303	0.211
84	Lesotho`LSO`Southern Africa	0.469	0.333	0.206	0.298	0.390
85	Mexico`MEX`Central America	0.467	0.260	0.264	0.304	0.227
86	Malawi`MWI`Eastern Africa	0.463	0.299	0.181	0.352	0.248
87	Republic of the Congo`COG`Middle Africa	0.450	0.291	0.291	0.332	0.208
88	Guyana`GUY`South America	0.444	0.298	0.234	0.202	0.315
89	Dominican Republic`DOM`Caribbean	0.432	0.196	0.278	0.240	0.221
90	Albania`ALB`Southern Europe	0.421	0.340	0.242	0.309	0.313
91	Tanzania`TZA`Eastern Africa	0.414	0.345	0.193	0.300	0.331
92	Nepal`NPL`Southern Asia	0.407	0.326	0.227	0.338	0.289
93	Thailand`THA`South-eastern Asia	0.404	0.303	0.191	0.374	0.224
94	Comoros`COM`Eastern Africa	0.399	0.198	0.221	0.271	0.272
95	Guatemala`GTM`Central America	0.396	0.229	0.280	0.239	0.164
96	South Africa`ZAF`Southern Africa	0.392	0.293	0.294	0.374	0.273
97	Croatia`HRV`Southern Europe	0.384	0.214	0.222	0.136	0.300
98	Hong Kong`HKG`Eastern Asia	0.373	0.318	0.138	0.368	0.326
99	Pakistan`PAK`Southern Asia	0.370	0.201	0.215	0.182	0.133
100	Cambodia`KHM`South-eastern Asia	0.365	0.139	0.128	0.228	0.132
101	Georgia`GEO`Western Asia	0.362	0.165	0.105	0.201	0.275
102	Singapore`SGP`South-eastern Asia	0.361	0.297	0.094	0.300	0.319
103	Côte d’Ivoire`CIV`Western Africa	0.356	0.218	0.232	0.186	0.224
104	Seychelles`SYC`Eastern Africa	0.353	0.253	0.130	0.264	0.317
105	Central African Republic`CAF`Middle Africa	0.352	0.223	0.154	0.252	0.210
106	Kenya`KEN`Eastern Africa	0.334	0.208	0.200	0.317	0.207
107	Gabon`GAB`Middle Africa	0.329	0.199	0.197	0.282	0.213
108	Taiwan`TWN`Eastern Asia	0.320	0.277	0.211	0.316	0.310
109	Kyrgyzstan`KGZ`Central Asia	0.319	0.194	0.121	0.222	0.268
110	Yemen`YEM`Western Asia	0.318	0.147	0.087	0.219	0.112
111	Togo`TGO`Western Africa	0.317	0.163	0.135	0.210	0.251
112	North Macedonia`MKD`Southern Europe	0.315	0.279	0.175	0.154	0.262
113	Lebanon`LBN`Western Asia	0.312	0.188	0.117	0.221	0.217
114	Zimbabwe`ZWE`Eastern Africa	0.310	0.225	0.208	0.258	0.198
115	Mauritania`MRT`Western Africa	0.307	0.124	0.119	0.155	0.151
116	Kazakhstan`KAZ`Central Asia	0.303	0.176	0.101	0.152	0.229
=117	Cameroon`CMR`Middle Africa	0.288	0.146	0.147	0.125	0.167
=117	Serbia`SRB`Southern Europe	0.288	0.180	0.171	0.138	0.246
119	Uganda`UGA`Eastern Africa	0.287	0.206	0.175	0.276	0.212
120	Kuwait`KWT`Western Asia	0.282	0.267	0.091	0.286	0.223
121	Malaysia`MYS`South-eastern Asia	0.259	0.162	0.167	0.175	0.204
=122	Azerbaijan`AZE`Western Asia	0.249	0.086	0.056	0.111	0.164
=122	Guinea-Bissau`GNB`Western Africa	0.249	0.135	0.106	0.137	0.146
=124	Mozambique`MOZ`Eastern Africa	0.246	0.199	0.101	0.154	0.186
=124	Peru`PER`South America	0.246	0.094	0.169	0.141	0.138
126	Djibouti`DJI`Eastern Africa	0.240	0.110	0.115	0.081	0.155
127	Burundi`BDI`Eastern Africa	0.237	0.168	0.152	0.245	0.187
128	Haiti`HTI`Caribbean	0.232	0.107	0.102	0.131	0.078
129	Jordan`JOR`Western Asia	0.227	0.196	0.075	0.188	0.199
130	Egypt`EGY`Northern Africa	0.217	0.156	0.085	0.163	0.116
131	Gambia`GMB`Western Africa	0.207	0.139	0.079	0.089	0.166
132	Nigeria`NGA`Western Africa	0.197	0.098	0.166	0.074	0.130
133	Ethiopia`ETH`Eastern Africa	0.195	0.084	0.081	0.137	0.143
134	Tajikistan`TJK`Central Asia	0.194	0.054	0.076	0.076	0.147
135	Indonesia`IDN`South-eastern Asia	0.193	0.052	0.046	0.115	0.130
136	Morocco`MAR`Northern Africa	0.192	0.187	0.094	0.118	0.119
137	Tunisia`TUN`Northern Africa	0.189	0.091	0.118	0.146	0.202
=138	Bosnia and Herzegovina`BIH`Southern Europe	0.187	0.066	0.089	0.068	0.147
=138	Uzbekistan`UZB`Central Asia	0.187	0.045	0.062	0.079	0.132
140	Guinea`GIN`Western Africa	0.185	0.085	0.132	0.105	0.129
141	Algeria`DZA`Northern Africa	0.179	0.101	0.076	0.221	0.204
142	Equatorial Guinea`GNQ`Middle Africa	0.176	0.052	0.051	0.060	0.106
143	Chad`TCD`Middle Africa	0.173	0.077	0.103	0.084	0.077
=144	DR Congo`COD`Middle Africa	0.170	0.035	0.123	0.107	0.091
=144	Somaliland`XSL`Eastern Africa	0.170	0.122	0.102	0.149	0.101
146	Liberia`LBR`Western Africa	0.169	0.159	0.126	0.196	0.149
147	Iran`IRN`Southern Asia	0.165	0.120	0.058	0.190	0.168
148	Maldives`MDV`Southern Asia	0.158	0.057	0.067	0.029	0.150
149	Somalia`SOM`Eastern Africa	0.157	0.026	0.068	0.067	0.043
150	Angola`AGO`Middle Africa	0.155	0.075	0.062	0.052	0.063
151	Sierra Leone`SLE`Western Africa	0.153	0.034	0.114	0.118	0.092
152	Vietnam`VNM`South-eastern Asia	0.150	0.080	0.167	0.164	0.199
153	Turkmenistan`TKM`Central Asia	0.149	0.028	0.070	0.026	0.127
154	Syria`SYR`Western Asia	0.144	0.037	0.054	0.021	0.127
155	Rwanda`RWA`Eastern Africa	0.143	0.114	0.074	0.086	0.110
156	Eswatini`SWZ`Southern Africa	0.117	0.099	0.126	0.045	0.072
157	Cuba`CUB`Caribbean	0.108	0.037	0.044	0.055	0.233
=158	China`CHN`Eastern Asia	0.102	0.067	0.037	0.125	0.112
=158	Eritrea`ERI`Eastern Africa	0.102	0.036	0.016	0.055	0.155
160	Myanmar`MMR`South-eastern Asia	0.096	0.017	0.043	0.024	0.071
161	Afghanistan`AFG`Southern Asia	0.093	0.023	0.027	0.027	0.044
162	Sudan`SDN`Northern Africa	0.088	0.018	0.039	0.035	0.048
163	Laos`LAO`South-eastern Asia	0.085	0.086	0.091	0.027	0.109
164	North Korea`PRK`Eastern Asia	0.084	0.014	0.043	0.011	0.109
165	Iraq`IRQ`Western Asia	0.083	0.060	0.035	0.008	0.082
166	Timor-Leste`TLS`South-eastern Asia	0.077	—	—	0.010	0.076
167	Libya`LBY`Northern Africa	0.072	0.048	0.044	0.023	0.125
168	Bhutan`BTN`Southern Asia	0.064	0.131	0.105	0.139	0.159
169	Bahrain`BHR`Western Asia	0.049	—	0.011	0.028	0.102
170	United Arab Emirates`ARE`Western Asia	0.024	0.065	0.014	0.117	0.089
171	Qatar`QAT`Western Asia	0.017	0.081	0.014	0.030	0.112
172	Saudi Arabia`SAU`Western Asia	0.016	0.039	0.019	0.031	0.109
173	Oman`OMN`Western Asia	0.015	0.084	0.050	0.029	0.130

02In 1994

At either end

The 5 countries at each end of the headline, then the highest and lowest on each other measure.

Highest

1Sweden0.911
2Denmark0.909
3Czechia0.895
4Costa Ricashared0.893
4Germanyshared0.893

Lowest

173Oman0.015
172Saudi Arabia0.016
171Qatar0.017
170United Arab Emirates0.024
169Bahrain0.049

A higher value is the better result. The middle country reads 0.450. “Shared” marks a value another country also holds.

Each measure’s ends

Liberal democracy (0–1)
HighestDenmark0.881
LowestNorth Korea0.014
Middle country: 0.298
Participatory democracy (0–1)
HighestSwitzerland0.787
LowestBahrain0.011
Middle country: 0.246
Deliberative democracy (0–1)
HighestSweden0.883
LowestIraq0.008
Middle country: 0.303
Egalitarian democracy (0–1)
HighestSweden0.874
LowestSomalia0.043
Middle country: 0.289

031993 → 1994

Since 1993

What changed between 1993 and this one: who joined or left, and how far the headline moved.

+0 / −0countries joined / left
117values changed, of 173 in both
78 · 39rose · fell
56unchanged

Rose most

Malawi0.252 → 0.463+0.211
South Africa0.264 → 0.392+0.128
Madagascar0.442 → 0.555+0.113
Guinea-Bissau0.157 → 0.249+0.092
El Salvador0.379 → 0.471+0.092

Fell most

Gambia0.442 → 0.207−0.235
Bosnia and Herzegovina0.249 → 0.187−0.062
Azerbaijan0.306 → 0.249−0.057
Slovakia0.750 → 0.704−0.046
Rwanda0.187 → 0.143−0.044

Both years come from the same release, so a difference here is a change in the data, not a revision of it. Every country’s full history is charted on the statistic page.

04Caveats

Read before you use

What this edition’s numbers are and are not, worked out from the file itself.

How values are stored

One year of the 2026 release
Every year in this series comes from V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release, recalculated on one method. It can differ from what was first published for 1994.
162 distinct values among 173
Values are stored exactly as published, to 3 decimals. 2 countries share 0.893. Countries sharing a value share a position too.
The position is ours
V-Dem Institute publishes values only; the order is this site’s.
3 empty cells
An empty cell means the publisher gave no figure. It is never a zero.

05The files

Download and cite

The table as a file, digit for digit, what this site changed, and a citation for this edition.

Licence in full

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Download vdem-democracy-1994-nations-inquiry.csv
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The publisher’s original
V-Dem Institute’s own file, on its own site.
V-Dem-CY-Core-v16_csv.zip

What this site changed: Reshaped into one row per country: regional and income-group totals are left out, only the columns listed are kept, each row gets its ISO 3166 code, and some country names are brought to one spelling. No value is recalculated, rescaled or rounded.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · what it allows, in plain words

Cite this edition

V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg (1994). V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1994 [data set], describing 1994. As held by Nations Inquiry, https://nationsinquiry.com/datasets/vdem-democracy/1994

0636 held

Other years

‹ The year before
V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1993
173 countries
The year after ›
V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index, 1995
173 countries
All of them
V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index: every year
36 held, with the data dictionary, coverage and licence.
How it has moved, charted by country

07Questions