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Data for 2025

State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2025

2025, as V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release gives it · stored as published, never rewritten

V-Dem's measure of a state's fiscal source of revenue asks what the central government mainly lives on: nothing it can raise itself, loans and foreign aid, natural-resource rents and state assets, taxes on property and trade, or broad taxes on sales, incomes and profits. It is an expert-coded estimate on an open-ended scale centred near zero, and a higher figure means reliance on broader taxation — the end V-Dem treats as greater fiscal capacity.

State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2025 covers 176 countries. Sweden is highest, at 3.135; Pakistan is lowest, at -1.716. The middle country reads 1.180. Against 2024, 39 values changed (22 up, 17 down), the same countries are covered.

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State Fiscal Source of Revenue · Data for 2025

HighestSweden

3.135

LowestPakistan

-1.716

Shaded by value in five groups of equal size, darkest at the better end.

01Position · derived

The table

Every country and every column of State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2025, as published. V-Dem Institute ranks nobody on this measure; the position is derived here by ordering the published values. “=” marks a shared position.

Showing 25 of 176 countries · select a heading to sort

State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2025: every country, as published by V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg.
derived
1SwedenSWENorthern Europe3.135
2SpainESPSouthern Europe3.026
3IndiaINDSouthern Asia2.966
4SwitzerlandCHEWestern Europe2.914
5NorwayNORNorthern Europe2.881
6IsraelISRWestern Asia2.879
7GermanyDEUWestern Europe2.844
8FinlandFINNorthern Europe2.826
9TaiwanTWNEastern Asia2.737
10EstoniaESTNorthern Europe2.726
11CanadaCANNorthern America2.724
12LithuaniaLTUNorthern Europe2.723
13South KoreaKOREastern Asia2.720
14IcelandISLNorthern Europe2.695
15LatviaLVANorthern Europe2.694
16AustriaAUTWestern Europe2.667
17BulgariaBGREastern Europe2.656
18IrelandIRLNorthern Europe2.644
19New ZealandNZLAustralia and New Zealand2.629
20PolandPOLEastern Europe2.626
21HungaryHUNEastern Europe2.624
22CyprusCYPWestern Asia2.605
23SlovakiaSVKEastern Europe2.601
24AustraliaAUSAustralia and New Zealand2.583
25FranceFRAWestern Europe2.574

02In 2025

At either end

The 5 countries at each end of the headline.

Highest

  1. 1Sweden3.135
  2. 2Spain3.026
  3. 3India2.966
  4. 4Switzerland2.914
  5. 5Norway2.881

Lowest

  1. 176Pakistan-1.716
  2. 175Somalia-1.498
  3. 174Yemen-1.473
  4. 173Bhutan-1.415
  5. 172Guinea-Bissau-1.116

A higher value is the better result. The middle country reads 1.180. “Shared” marks a value another country also holds.

032024 → 2025

Since 2024

  • +0 / −0countries joined / left
  • 39values changed, of 176 in both
  • 22 · 17rose · fell
  • 137unchanged

Rose most

Fell most

04Caveats

Read before you use

How values are stored

  • One year of the 2026 release

    Every year in this series comes from V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release, recalculated on one method, so a change from one year to the next is not a revision. It can differ from what was first published for 2025.

  • 173 distinct values among 176

    Values are stored exactly as published, to 3 decimals. 2 countries share 1.815. Countries sharing a value share a position too.

  • Nothing missing

    Every one of the 176 countries has every column.

05The files

Download and cite

Licence in full

What this site changed: Reshaped to one row per country, with its ISO code; no value recalculated, rescaled or rounded. In full

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · what it allows, in plain words

Cite this edition

V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg (2025). State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2025 [data set], describing 2025. As held by Nations Inquiry, https://nationsinquiry.com/datasets/fiscal-source-of-revenue/2025

0636 held

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