Data for 2021

State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2021

Name: State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2021
Creator: V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg
License: https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/

2021, as V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release gives it · stored as published, never rewritten

V-Dem's measure of a state's fiscal source of revenue asks what the central government mainly lives on: nothing it can raise itself, loans and foreign aid, natural-resource rents and state assets, taxes on property and trade, or broad taxes on sales, incomes and profits. It is an expert-coded estimate on an open-ended scale centred near zero, and a higher figure means reliance on broader taxation — the end V-Dem treats as greater fiscal capacity.

State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2021 covers 176 countries. Sweden is highest, at 3.135; Afghanistan is lowest, at -1.914. The middle country reads 1.142. Against 2020, 63 values changed (36 up, 27 down), the same countries are covered.

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State Fiscal Source of Revenue · Data for 2021

HighestSweden

3.135

LowestAfghanistan

-1.914

Shaded by value in five groups of equal size, darkest at the better end.

176countries
1measure
2021the year it describes
171distinct values3 decimals, as published
Sep 29, 2026read from the publisher
CC BY-SA 4.0licence

01Position · derived

The table

Every country and every column of State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2021, as published. V-Dem Institute ranks nobody on this measure; the position is derived here by ordering the published values. “=” marks a shared position.

Search this table

Showing 25 of 176 countries · select a heading to sort

State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2021: every country, as published by V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg.
derived
1	Sweden`SWE`Northern Europe	3.135
2	Spain`ESP`Southern Europe	3.026
3	Portugal`PRT`Southern Europe	2.994
4	Switzerland`CHE`Western Europe	2.914
5	Norway`NOR`Northern Europe	2.881
6	Israel`ISR`Western Asia	2.879
7	Germany`DEU`Western Europe	2.844
8	Finland`FIN`Northern Europe	2.826
9	Japan`JPN`Eastern Asia	2.750
10	Taiwan`TWN`Eastern Asia	2.737
11	Estonia`EST`Northern Europe	2.726
12	Canada`CAN`Northern America	2.724
13	Lithuania`LTU`Northern Europe	2.723
14	South Korea`KOR`Eastern Asia	2.720
15	Iceland`ISL`Northern Europe	2.695
16	Latvia`LVA`Northern Europe	2.694
17	Austria`AUT`Western Europe	2.667
18	Bulgaria`BGR`Eastern Europe	2.656
19	Ireland`IRL`Northern Europe	2.644
20	New Zealand`NZL`Australia and New Zealand	2.629
21	Poland`POL`Eastern Europe	2.626
22	Hungary`HUN`Eastern Europe	2.624
23	Cyprus`CYP`Western Asia	2.605
=24	Slovakia`SVK`Eastern Europe	2.601
=24	Türkiye`TUR`Western Asia	2.601
26	Netherlands`NLD`Western Europe	2.598
27	Australia`AUS`Australia and New Zealand	2.583
28	France`FRA`Western Europe	2.574
29	Malta`MLT`Southern Europe	2.527
30	Denmark`DNK`Northern Europe	2.514
31	Mauritius`MUS`Eastern Africa	2.481
32	Costa Rica`CRI`Central America	2.457
33	Benin`BEN`Western Africa	2.449
34	Chile`CHL`South America	2.430
35	United States`USA`Northern America	2.377
36	Belgium`BEL`Western Europe	2.365
37	United Kingdom`GBR`Northern Europe	2.351
38	Uruguay`URY`South America	2.336
39	South Africa`ZAF`Southern Africa	2.315
40	Slovenia`SVN`Southern Europe	2.307
41	Dominican Republic`DOM`Caribbean	2.296
42	India`IND`Southern Asia	2.199
43	Guatemala`GTM`Central America	2.196
44	Vietnam`VNM`South-eastern Asia	2.181
45	Italy`ITA`Southern Europe	2.171
46	Colombia`COL`South America	2.122
47	Brazil`BRA`South America	2.092
48	Argentina`ARG`South America	2.039
49	Togo`TGO`Western Africa	2.026
50	Philippines`PHL`South-eastern Asia	2.003
51	Mexico`MEX`Central America	1.981
52	Fiji`FJI`Melanesia	1.930
53	North Macedonia`MKD`Southern Europe	1.926
54	Czechia`CZE`Eastern Europe	1.882
55	Kenya`KEN`Eastern Africa	1.869
56	China`CHN`Eastern Asia	1.863
57	Malaysia`MYS`South-eastern Asia	1.836
58	Serbia`SRB`Southern Europe	1.834
59	Thailand`THA`South-eastern Asia	1.818
=60	Greece`GRC`Southern Europe	1.816
=60	Luxembourg`LUX`Western Europe	1.816
62	Montenegro`MNE`Southern Europe	1.815
63	Croatia`HRV`Southern Europe	1.808
64	Maldives`MDV`Southern Asia	1.787
65	Singapore`SGP`South-eastern Asia	1.773
66	Barbados`BRB`Caribbean	1.739
67	Bangladesh`BGD`Southern Asia	1.717
68	Indonesia`IDN`South-eastern Asia	1.690
69	Paraguay`PRY`South America	1.623
70	Ukraine`UKR`Eastern Europe	1.609
71	Armenia`ARM`Western Asia	1.601
72	Zambia`ZMB`Eastern Africa	1.555
73	Peru`PER`South America	1.492
74	Hong Kong`HKG`Eastern Asia	1.469
75	Romania`ROU`Eastern Europe	1.464
76	Guyana`GUY`South America	1.463
77	Kyrgyzstan`KGZ`Central Asia	1.449
78	Namibia`NAM`Southern Africa	1.436
79	Laos`LAO`South-eastern Asia	1.423
80	Seychelles`SYC`Eastern Africa	1.335
81	Burkina Faso`BFA`Western Africa	1.315
82	Côte d’Ivoire`CIV`Western Africa	1.249
83	El Salvador`SLV`Central America	1.227
84	Zimbabwe`ZWE`Eastern Africa	1.216
85	Eswatini`SWZ`Southern Africa	1.194
86	Honduras`HND`Central America	1.186
87	Jamaica`JAM`Caribbean	1.173
88	Ethiopia`ETH`Eastern Africa	1.144
89	Panama`PAN`Central America	1.139
90	Ghana`GHA`Western Africa	1.127
91	Somaliland`XSL`Eastern Africa	1.108
92	Lesotho`LSO`Southern Africa	1.101
93	Bosnia and Herzegovina`BIH`Southern Europe	1.085
94	Nigeria`NGA`Western Africa	1.084
95	Nepal`NPL`Southern Asia	0.988
96	Albania`ALB`Southern Europe	0.973
97	Kazakhstan`KAZ`Central Asia	0.966
98	Cameroon`CMR`Middle Africa	0.935
=99	Georgia`GEO`Western Asia	0.928
=99	Mauritania`MRT`Western Africa	0.928
101	Sierra Leone`SLE`Western Africa	0.885
102	Tanzania`TZA`Eastern Africa	0.834
103	Belarus`BLR`Eastern Europe	0.800
104	Botswana`BWA`Southern Africa	0.762
105	Uganda`UGA`Eastern Africa	0.761
106	Chad`TCD`Middle Africa	0.758
107	Moldova`MDA`Eastern Europe	0.717
108	Trinidad and Tobago`TTO`Caribbean	0.705
109	Malawi`MWI`Eastern Africa	0.702
110	Republic of the Congo`COG`Middle Africa	0.683
111	Mongolia`MNG`Eastern Asia	0.640
112	Burundi`BDI`Eastern Africa	0.629
113	Ecuador`ECU`South America	0.626
114	Mali`MLI`Western Africa	0.575
115	Cambodia`KHM`South-eastern Asia	0.521
116	Niger`NER`Western Africa	0.475
117	Turkmenistan`TKM`Central Asia	0.464
118	Egypt`EGY`Northern Africa	0.400
119	Uzbekistan`UZB`Central Asia	0.344
120	Sri Lanka`LKA`Southern Asia	0.314
=121	Bolivia`BOL`South America	0.236
=121	Guinea`GIN`Western Africa	0.236
123	Liberia`LBR`Western Africa	0.189
124	Saudi Arabia`SAU`Western Asia	0.171
125	Papua New Guinea`PNG`Melanesia	0.170
126	Vanuatu`VUT`Melanesia	0.163
127	Bhutan`BTN`Southern Asia	0.138
=128	Oman`OMN`Western Asia	0.136
=128	Russia`RUS`Eastern Europe	0.136
130	Gambia`GMB`Western Africa	0.031
131	North Korea`PRK`Eastern Asia	-0.012
132	Rwanda`RWA`Eastern Africa	-0.032
133	Angola`AGO`Middle Africa	-0.070
134	Morocco`MAR`Northern Africa	-0.072
135	Kuwait`KWT`Western Asia	-0.092
136	Iraq`IRQ`Western Asia	-0.103
137	Equatorial Guinea`GNQ`Middle Africa	-0.112
138	Qatar`QAT`Western Asia	-0.118
139	Djibouti`DJI`Eastern Africa	-0.119
140	Venezuela`VEN`South America	-0.120
141	Myanmar`MMR`South-eastern Asia	-0.145
142	Azerbaijan`AZE`Western Asia	-0.149
143	Algeria`DZA`Northern Africa	-0.154
144	United Arab Emirates`ARE`Western Asia	-0.178
145	Iran`IRN`Southern Asia	-0.220
146	São Tomé and Príncipe`STP`Middle Africa	-0.221
147	Senegal`SEN`Western Africa	-0.232
148	Libya`LBY`Northern Africa	-0.248
149	Cuba`CUB`Caribbean	-0.249
150	Bahrain`BHR`Western Asia	-0.256
151	Gabon`GAB`Middle Africa	-0.281
152	South Sudan`SSD`Eastern Africa	-0.386
153	Sudan`SDN`Northern Africa	-0.388
154	Cabo Verde`CPV`Western Africa	-0.404
155	Tajikistan`TJK`Central Asia	-0.409
156	Madagascar`MDG`Eastern Africa	-0.455
157	Timor-Leste`TLS`South-eastern Asia	-0.506
158	Kosovo`XKX`Southern Europe	-0.530
159	Nicaragua`NIC`Central America	-0.597
160	Central African Republic`CAF`Middle Africa	-0.642
161	DR Congo`COD`Middle Africa	-0.695
162	Mozambique`MOZ`Eastern Africa	-0.726
163	Eritrea`ERI`Eastern Africa	-0.777
164	Solomon Islands`SLB`Melanesia	-0.786
165	Somalia`SOM`Eastern Africa	-0.808
166	Tunisia`TUN`Northern Africa	-0.817
167	Haiti`HTI`Caribbean	-0.826
168	Jordan`JOR`Western Asia	-0.892
169	Suriname`SUR`South America	-0.893
170	Syria`SYR`Western Asia	-0.962
171	Lebanon`LBN`Western Asia	-1.023
172	Guinea-Bissau`GNB`Western Africa	-1.116
173	Pakistan`PAK`Southern Asia	-1.162
174	Yemen`YEM`Western Asia	-1.513
175	Comoros`COM`Eastern Africa	-1.628
176	Afghanistan`AFG`Southern Asia	-1.914

02In 2021

At either end

The 5 countries at each end of the headline.

Highest

1Sweden3.135
2Spain3.026
3Portugal2.994
4Switzerland2.914
5Norway2.881

Lowest

176Afghanistan-1.914
175Comoros-1.628
174Yemen-1.513
173Pakistan-1.162
172Guinea-Bissau-1.116

A higher value is the better result. The middle country reads 1.142. “Shared” marks a value another country also holds.

032020 → 2021

Since 2020

+0 / −0countries joined / left
63values changed, of 176 in both
36 · 27rose · fell
113unchanged

Rose most

Somalia-1.618 → -0.808+0.810
Vietnam1.379 → 2.181+0.802
Niger-0.269 → 0.475+0.744
Guatemala1.472 → 2.196+0.724
Jamaica0.475 → 1.173+0.698

Fell most

Sri Lanka2.257 → 0.314−1.943
Afghanistan-0.564 → -1.914−1.350
Myanmar0.760 → -0.145−0.905
Thailand2.662 → 1.818−0.844
Botswana1.459 → 0.762−0.697

04Caveats

Read before you use

How values are stored

One year of the 2026 release
Every year in this series comes from V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release, recalculated on one method, so a change from one year to the next is not a revision. It can differ from what was first published for 2021.
171 distinct values among 176
Values are stored exactly as published, to 3 decimals. 2 countries share 2.601. Countries sharing a value share a position too.
Nothing missing
Every one of the 176 countries has every column.

05The files

Download and cite

Licence in full

.csv
For a spreadsheet or code
176 rows · 4.8 KB · UTF-8, opens in Excel
Opens with 11 lines of source notes; the table starts on row 13.
Download fiscal-source-of-revenue-2021-nations-inquiry.csv
↗
The publisher’s original
V-Dem Institute’s own file, on its own site.
V-Dem-CY-FullOthers-v16_csv.zip

What this site changed: Reshaped to one row per country, with its ISO code; no value recalculated, rescaled or rounded. In full

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · what it allows, in plain words

Cite this edition

V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg (2021). State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2021 [data set], describing 2021. As held by Nations Inquiry, https://nationsinquiry.com/datasets/fiscal-source-of-revenue/2021

0636 held

Other years

‹ The year before
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2020
176 countries
The year after ›
State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2022
176 countries
All of them
State Fiscal Source of Revenue: every year
36 held, with the data dictionary, coverage and licence.
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