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Data for 2023

State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2023

2023, as V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release gives it · stored as published, never rewritten

V-Dem's measure of a state's fiscal source of revenue asks what the central government mainly lives on: nothing it can raise itself, loans and foreign aid, natural-resource rents and state assets, taxes on property and trade, or broad taxes on sales, incomes and profits. It is an expert-coded estimate on an open-ended scale centred near zero, and a higher figure means reliance on broader taxation — the end V-Dem treats as greater fiscal capacity.

State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2023 covers 176 countries. Sweden is highest, at 3.135; Yemen is lowest, at -1.795. The middle country reads 1.083. Against 2022, 43 values changed (26 up, 17 down), the same countries are covered.

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State Fiscal Source of Revenue · Data for 2023

HighestSweden

3.135

LowestYemen

-1.795

Shaded by value in five groups of equal size, darkest at the better end.

01Position · derived

The table

Every country and every column of State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2023, as published. V-Dem Institute ranks nobody on this measure; the position is derived here by ordering the published values. “=” marks a shared position.

Showing 25 of 176 countries · select a heading to sort

State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2023: every country, as published by V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg.
derived
1SwedenSWENorthern Europe3.135
2SpainESPSouthern Europe3.026
3PortugalPRTSouthern Europe2.994
4IndiaINDSouthern Asia2.966
5SwitzerlandCHEWestern Europe2.914
6NorwayNORNorthern Europe2.881
7IsraelISRWestern Asia2.879
8GermanyDEUWestern Europe2.844
9FinlandFINNorthern Europe2.826
10JapanJPNEastern Asia2.750
11TaiwanTWNEastern Asia2.737
12EstoniaESTNorthern Europe2.726
13CanadaCANNorthern America2.724
14LithuaniaLTUNorthern Europe2.723
15South KoreaKOREastern Asia2.720
16IcelandISLNorthern Europe2.695
17LatviaLVANorthern Europe2.694
18AustriaAUTWestern Europe2.667
19BulgariaBGREastern Europe2.656
20IrelandIRLNorthern Europe2.644
21New ZealandNZLAustralia and New Zealand2.629
22PolandPOLEastern Europe2.626
23HungaryHUNEastern Europe2.624
24CyprusCYPWestern Asia2.605
25SlovakiaSVKEastern Europe2.601

02In 2023

At either end

The 5 countries at each end of the headline.

Highest

  1. 1Sweden3.135
  2. 2Spain3.026
  3. 3Portugal2.994
  4. 4India2.966
  5. 5Switzerland2.914

Lowest

  1. 176Yemen-1.795
  2. 175Pakistan-1.499
  3. 174Afghanistan-1.353
  4. 173Lebanon-1.230
  5. 172Guinea-Bissau-1.116

A higher value is the better result. The middle country reads 1.083. “Shared” marks a value another country also holds.

032022 → 2023

Since 2022

  • +0 / −0countries joined / left
  • 43values changed, of 176 in both
  • 26 · 17rose · fell
  • 133unchanged

Rose most

Fell most

04Caveats

Read before you use

How values are stored

  • One year of the 2026 release

    Every year in this series comes from V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release, recalculated on one method, so a change from one year to the next is not a revision. It can differ from what was first published for 2023.

  • 174 distinct values among 176

    Values are stored exactly as published, to 3 decimals. 2 countries share 1.227. Countries sharing a value share a position too.

  • Nothing missing

    Every one of the 176 countries has every column.

05The files

Download and cite

Licence in full

What this site changed: Reshaped to one row per country, with its ISO code; no value recalculated, rescaled or rounded. In full

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · what it allows, in plain words

Cite this edition

V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg (2023). State Fiscal Source of Revenue, 2023 [data set], describing 2023. As held by Nations Inquiry, https://nationsinquiry.com/datasets/fiscal-source-of-revenue/2023

0636 held

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