Data for 1997

Exclusion by Socio-Economic Group, 1997

Name: Exclusion by Socio-Economic Group, 1997
Creator: V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg
License: https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/

1997, as V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release gives it · stored as published, never rewritten

V-Dem's index of exclusion by socio-economic group asks how far poorer people are shut out: whether wealth decides who holds political power, whose civil liberties are respected, and who gets public services, state jobs and state business. It runs from 0 to 1, and a higher figure means more exclusion.

Exclusion by Socio-Economic Group, 1997 covers 173 countries. Somalia is highest, at 0.960; Denmark is lowest, at 0.010. The middle country reads 0.424. Against 1996, 33 values changed (16 up, 17 down), the same countries are covered.

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Exclusion by Socio-Economic Group · Data for 1997

HighestSomalia

0.960

LowestDenmark

0.010

Shaded by value in five groups of equal size, darkest at the lowest end.

173countries
1measure
1997the year it describes
154distinct values3 decimals, as published
Sep 29, 2026read from the publisher
CC BY-SA 4.0licence

01Position · derived

The table

Every country and every column of Exclusion by Socio-Economic Group, 1997, as published. V-Dem Institute ranks nobody on this measure; the position is derived here by ordering the published values. “=” marks a shared position.

Search this table

Showing 25 of 173 countries · select a heading to sort

Exclusion by Socio-Economic Group, 1997: every country, as published by V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg.
derived
1	Somalia`SOM`Eastern Africa	0.960
2	Afghanistan`AFG`Southern Asia	0.940
3	DR Congo`COD`Middle Africa	0.922
4	Yemen`YEM`Western Asia	0.920
5	Haiti`HTI`Caribbean	0.909
6	Timor-Leste`TLS`South-eastern Asia	0.892
7	Republic of the Congo`COG`Middle Africa	0.887
8	Tajikistan`TJK`Central Asia	0.881
9	Bangladesh`BGD`Southern Asia	0.879
10	Guatemala`GTM`Central America	0.871
11	El Salvador`SLV`Central America	0.868
=12	Chad`TCD`Middle Africa	0.857
=12	Djibouti`DJI`Eastern Africa	0.857
14	Angola`AGO`Middle Africa	0.852
15	Cambodia`KHM`South-eastern Asia	0.849
=16	Cameroon`CMR`Middle Africa	0.843
=16	Mauritania`MRT`Western Africa	0.843
18	Central African Republic`CAF`Middle Africa	0.819
19	Madagascar`MDG`Eastern Africa	0.817
20	Sudan`SDN`Northern Africa	0.805
21	Somaliland`XSL`Eastern Africa	0.793
22	Indonesia`IDN`South-eastern Asia	0.784
23	Myanmar`MMR`South-eastern Asia	0.776
24	Egypt`EGY`Northern Africa	0.771
25	Equatorial Guinea`GNQ`Middle Africa	0.762
26	Iraq`IRQ`Western Asia	0.743
27	Paraguay`PRY`South America	0.739
28	Liberia`LBR`Western Africa	0.736
29	Burundi`BDI`Eastern Africa	0.733
30	Mexico`MEX`Central America	0.728
31	Honduras`HND`Central America	0.716
32	Nigeria`NGA`Western Africa	0.715
33	Guinea`GIN`Western Africa	0.713
34	Papua New Guinea`PNG`Melanesia	0.712
35	Rwanda`RWA`Eastern Africa	0.711
36	Nicaragua`NIC`Central America	0.699
37	Peru`PER`South America	0.682
38	North Korea`PRK`Eastern Asia	0.671
39	Mali`MLI`Western Africa	0.666
40	Kenya`KEN`Eastern Africa	0.660
41	Guinea-Bissau`GNB`Western Africa	0.653
42	Comoros`COM`Eastern Africa	0.647
43	Gabon`GAB`Middle Africa	0.643
44	Dominican Republic`DOM`Caribbean	0.642
45	Uzbekistan`UZB`Central Asia	0.641
46	Colombia`COL`South America	0.640
47	Philippines`PHL`South-eastern Asia	0.633
48	Uganda`UGA`Eastern Africa	0.611
49	Ethiopia`ETH`Eastern Africa	0.604
=50	Oman`OMN`Western Asia	0.600
=50	Pakistan`PAK`Southern Asia	0.600
52	Fiji`FJI`Melanesia	0.590
=53	Malawi`MWI`Eastern Africa	0.589
=53	Mozambique`MOZ`Eastern Africa	0.589
55	Sierra Leone`SLE`Western Africa	0.585
56	Ecuador`ECU`South America	0.581
57	Côte d’Ivoire`CIV`Western Africa	0.575
58	Togo`TGO`Western Africa	0.567
59	Bahrain`BHR`Western Asia	0.566
60	São Tomé and Príncipe`STP`Middle Africa	0.565
61	Solomon Islands`SLB`Melanesia	0.554
62	Gambia`GMB`Western Africa	0.547
63	Eritrea`ERI`Eastern Africa	0.544
64	Morocco`MAR`Northern Africa	0.542
65	Saudi Arabia`SAU`Western Asia	0.539
66	Turkmenistan`TKM`Central Asia	0.537
67	Malaysia`MYS`South-eastern Asia	0.535
68	Azerbaijan`AZE`Western Asia	0.531
=69	South Africa`ZAF`Southern Africa	0.528
=69	Thailand`THA`South-eastern Asia	0.528
71	Sri Lanka`LKA`Southern Asia	0.506
72	Suriname`SUR`South America	0.501
73	Lebanon`LBN`Western Asia	0.495
74	Laos`LAO`South-eastern Asia	0.486
75	China`CHN`Eastern Asia	0.481
76	Namibia`NAM`Southern Africa	0.460
=77	Guyana`GUY`South America	0.456
=77	Tanzania`TZA`Eastern Africa	0.456
79	Eswatini`SWZ`Southern Africa	0.453
80	Jordan`JOR`Western Asia	0.452
81	United Arab Emirates`ARE`Western Asia	0.447
82	Zimbabwe`ZWE`Eastern Africa	0.443
83	Benin`BEN`Western Africa	0.437
=84	Panama`PAN`Central America	0.425
=84	Senegal`SEN`Western Africa	0.425
=86	Bosnia and Herzegovina`BIH`Southern Europe	0.424
=86	Kazakhstan`KAZ`Central Asia	0.424
88	Kyrgyzstan`KGZ`Central Asia	0.415
89	Iran`IRN`Southern Asia	0.411
90	India`IND`Southern Asia	0.408
91	Libya`LBY`Northern Africa	0.403
92	Bolivia`BOL`South America	0.396
93	Maldives`MDV`Southern Asia	0.387
94	Kuwait`KWT`Western Asia	0.371
=95	Cabo Verde`CPV`Western Africa	0.370
=95	Serbia`SRB`Southern Europe	0.370
=97	Albania`ALB`Southern Europe	0.366
=97	Lesotho`LSO`Southern Africa	0.366
99	Bhutan`BTN`Southern Asia	0.361
100	Chile`CHL`South America	0.360
101	Algeria`DZA`Northern Africa	0.350
=102	Armenia`ARM`Western Asia	0.344
=102	Vietnam`VNM`South-eastern Asia	0.344
104	Nepal`NPL`Southern Asia	0.343
105	Qatar`QAT`Western Asia	0.341
106	Georgia`GEO`Western Asia	0.340
107	Russia`RUS`Eastern Europe	0.334
108	Venezuela`VEN`South America	0.326
=109	Vanuatu`VUT`Melanesia	0.316
=109	Zambia`ZMB`Eastern Africa	0.316
111	Türkiye`TUR`Western Asia	0.313
=112	North Macedonia`MKD`Southern Europe	0.312
=112	Ukraine`UKR`Eastern Europe	0.312
114	Burkina Faso`BFA`Western Africa	0.309
=115	Syria`SYR`Western Asia	0.308
=115	Tunisia`TUN`Northern Africa	0.308
117	Brazil`BRA`South America	0.303
118	Argentina`ARG`South America	0.301
119	Croatia`HRV`Southern Europe	0.292
120	Niger`NER`Western Africa	0.280
=121	Botswana`BWA`Southern Africa	0.241
=121	Moldova`MDA`Eastern Europe	0.241
123	Slovakia`SVK`Eastern Europe	0.238
124	Jamaica`JAM`Caribbean	0.236
125	Mongolia`MNG`Eastern Asia	0.227
126	Cyprus`CYP`Western Asia	0.214
127	Romania`ROU`Eastern Europe	0.212
128	Trinidad and Tobago`TTO`Caribbean	0.209
129	Seychelles`SYC`Eastern Africa	0.202
130	Ghana`GHA`Western Africa	0.193
131	Israel`ISR`Western Asia	0.184
132	New Zealand`NZL`Australia and New Zealand	0.152
133	United Kingdom`GBR`Northern Europe	0.144
134	Ireland`IRL`Northern Europe	0.142
135	Barbados`BRB`Caribbean	0.140
136	Costa Rica`CRI`Central America	0.139
137	Portugal`PRT`Southern Europe	0.127
138	Cuba`CUB`Caribbean	0.126
139	Mauritius`MUS`Eastern Africa	0.118
140	United States`USA`Northern America	0.113
141	Hong Kong`HKG`Eastern Asia	0.110
142	Uruguay`URY`South America	0.106
143	South Korea`KOR`Eastern Asia	0.099
144	Latvia`LVA`Northern Europe	0.097
145	Greece`GRC`Southern Europe	0.095
=146	Iceland`ISL`Northern Europe	0.087
=146	Taiwan`TWN`Eastern Asia	0.087
148	Slovenia`SVN`Southern Europe	0.086
149	Canada`CAN`Northern America	0.084
150	Poland`POL`Eastern Europe	0.079
151	Malta`MLT`Southern Europe	0.078
152	Bulgaria`BGR`Eastern Europe	0.076
153	Spain`ESP`Southern Europe	0.075
154	Lithuania`LTU`Northern Europe	0.073
155	Hungary`HUN`Eastern Europe	0.066
156	Belgium`BEL`Western Europe	0.059
157	Italy`ITA`Southern Europe	0.056
158	France`FRA`Western Europe	0.052
159	Singapore`SGP`South-eastern Asia	0.042
=160	Austria`AUT`Western Europe	0.038
=160	Luxembourg`LUX`Western Europe	0.038
=162	Belarus`BLR`Eastern Europe	0.035
=162	Estonia`EST`Northern Europe	0.035
164	Netherlands`NLD`Western Europe	0.034
=165	Czechia`CZE`Eastern Europe	0.032
=165	Finland`FIN`Northern Europe	0.032
167	Germany`DEU`Western Europe	0.031
168	Switzerland`CHE`Western Europe	0.026
169	Australia`AUS`Australia and New Zealand	0.025
170	Japan`JPN`Eastern Asia	0.017
171	Sweden`SWE`Northern Europe	0.016
172	Norway`NOR`Northern Europe	0.015
173	Denmark`DNK`Northern Europe	0.010

02In 1997

At either end

The 5 countries at each end of the headline.

Highest

1Somalia0.960
2Afghanistan0.940
3DR Congo0.922
4Yemen0.920
5Haiti0.909

Lowest

173Denmark0.010
172Norway0.015
171Sweden0.016
170Japan0.017
169Australia0.025

A higher value is the worse result. The middle country reads 0.424. “Shared” marks a value another country also holds.

031996 → 1997

Since 1996

+0 / −0countries joined / left
33values changed, of 173 in both
16 · 17rose · fell
140unchanged

Rose most

Republic of the Congo0.696 → 0.887+0.191
Comoros0.580 → 0.647+0.067
Guyana0.421 → 0.456+0.035
Albania0.339 → 0.366+0.027
Liberia0.713 → 0.736+0.023

Fell most

Dominican Republic0.677 → 0.642−0.035
Sierra Leone0.618 → 0.585−0.033
Ireland0.159 → 0.142−0.017
Russia0.343 → 0.334−0.009
Cyprus0.222 → 0.214−0.008

04Caveats

Read before you use

How values are stored

One year of the 2026 release
Every year in this series comes from V-Dem Institute’s 2026 release, recalculated on one method, so a change from one year to the next is not a revision. It can differ from what was first published for 1997.
154 distinct values among 173
Values are stored exactly as published, to 3 decimals. 2 countries share 0.857. Countries sharing a value share a position too.
Nothing missing
Every one of the 173 countries has every column.

05The files

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.csv
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173 rows · 4.7 KB · UTF-8, opens in Excel
Opens with 11 lines of source notes; the table starts on row 13.
Download socioeconomic-exclusion-1997-nations-inquiry.csv
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The publisher’s original
V-Dem Institute’s own file, on its own site.
V-Dem-CY-Core-v16_csv.zip

What this site changed: Reshaped to one row per country, with its ISO code; no value recalculated, rescaled or rounded. In full

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · what it allows, in plain words

Cite this edition

V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg (1997). Exclusion by Socio-Economic Group, 1997 [data set], describing 1997. As held by Nations Inquiry, https://nationsinquiry.com/datasets/socioeconomic-exclusion/1997

0634 held

Other years

‹ The year before
Exclusion by Socio-Economic Group, 1996
173 countries
The year after ›
Exclusion by Socio-Economic Group, 1998
174 countries
All of them
Exclusion by Socio-Economic Group: every year
34 held, with the data dictionary, coverage and licence.
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