Photo: Strokin.ru derivative work: Jjtkk · CC BY 3.0 · via Wikimedia Commons, shown in greyscale
Topic 03 of 18 · Country Index 2026
Russia: Work & Labour
Can people find work, and on what terms?
Russia is placed 13th of 182 countries on work & labour in the Country Index 2026, from 4 of its 4 key statistics. Readings behind it: Employment-to-Population Ratio 59.81 (2025); Labour Income Share 48.31 (2025).
Share
Work & Labour
13th
of 182 countries placed
Placed from 4 of 4 key statistics
01The evidence
The 4 key statistics that decide it
Only these place Russia on work & labour — one vote each. Every value is the publisher’s own, read at the edition the Country Index 2026 used; the grey ticks are every other country it was compared with, lowest on the left.
Key 1 of 4
Employment-to-Population Ratio
International Labour Organization (ILO)
2025 edition · data for 2025 · CC BY 4.0
59.81
Employed share of the population aged 15+ (%)
Higher is better
Russia: 59.81. Across the 182 countries in this edition, values run from 21.21 (São Tomé and Príncipe) to 86.9 (Qatar); the world median is 57.72.
- World median
- 57.72
- Best in Eastern Europe
- 71.2 Moldova
- Land neighbours
- Azerbaijan 59.83 · Belarus 60.63 · China 61.57 · Estonia 59.71 · Finland 54.03 · Georgia 56.53 · Kazakhstan 64.54 · Lithuania 58.68 · Latvia 56.55 · Mongolia 56.56 · Norway 62.56 · Poland 56.58 · North Korea 79.24
Key 3 of 4
Unemployment Rate
International Labour Organization (ILO)
2025 edition · data for 2025 · CC BY 4.0
2.133
Unemployment (% of labour force)
Lower is better
Russia: 2.133. Across the 182 countries in this edition, values run from 0.13 (Qatar) to 34.2 (Eswatini); the world median is 5.084.
- World median
- 5.084
- Best in Eastern Europe
- 1.505 Moldova
- Land neighbours
- Azerbaijan 5.457 · Belarus 3.38 · China 4.615 · Estonia 8.313 · Finland 9.461 · Georgia 12.1 · Kazakhstan 4.771 · Lithuania 6.731 · Latvia 6.568 · Mongolia 5.233 · Norway 4.637 · Poland 2.976 · North Korea 3.545
Key 4 of 4
Vulnerable Employment
International Labour Organization (ILO)
2025 edition · data for 2025 · CC BY 4.0
4.931
Vulnerable employment (% of total employment)
Lower is better
Russia: 4.931. Across the 182 countries in this edition, values run from 0.456 (Qatar) to 90.22 (Chad); the world median is 28.67.
- World median
- 28.67
- Best in Eastern Europe
- 4.931 Russia
- Land neighbours
- Azerbaijan 53.84 · Belarus 6.327 · China 33.4 · Estonia 7.093 · Finland 9.462 · Georgia 42.41 · Kazakhstan 24.79 · Lithuania 10.36 · Latvia 8.615 · Mongolia 38.37 · Norway 4.166 · Poland 14.98 · North Korea 56.77
02Over time
Which way Russia is moving
Each key’s published value, edition by edition, beside the world median. The Country Index 2026 is the first edition of the standing, so the standing itself has no history to chart yet.
Employment-to-Population Ratio
Employed share of the population aged 15+ (%) · higher is better
RussiaWorld median
Russia rose from 54.79 in 2000 to 59.81 in 2025; the world median went from 55.86 to 57.72.
Every year’s figures
Year Russia World median 2025 59.809 57.720 2024 60.322 57.694 2023 60.224 58.158 2022 59.541 57.688 2021 59.024 56.066 2020 57.939 55.691 2019 58.913 57.871 2018 59.403 56.911 2017 59.222 56.738 2016 59.357 56.845 2015 59.183 56.788 2014 59.562 56.774 2013 59.400 56.229 2012 59.511 56.289 2011 58.803 56.297 2010 58.007 56.212 2009 57.458 56.255 2008 58.668 57.308 2007 58.303 56.933 2006 56.908 56.685 2005 56.574 56.129 2004 55.870 55.465 2003 55.057 55.630 2002 55.546 55.843 2001 54.567 56.018 2000 54.789 55.861 Labour Income Share
Labour income share of GDP (%) · higher is better
RussiaWorld median
Russia fell from 49.75 in 2004 to 48.31 in 2025; the world median went from 46.01 to 46.23.
Every year’s figures
Year Russia World median 2025 48.307 46.230 2024 47.524 46.060 2023 47.574 45.900 2022 48.711 45.615 2021 48.261 45.433 2020 51.146 47.267 2019 47.940 46.277 2018 48.641 46.187 2017 51.871 46.467 2016 52.058 46.798 2015 50.841 46.876 2014 51.177 47.281 2013 50.226 46.887 2012 47.824 46.231 2011 47.487 45.679 2010 53.595 46.024 2009 56.812 47.071 2008 51.148 45.312 2007 49.668 45.246 2006 48.122 45.670 2005 47.351 46.265 2004 49.751 46.012 Unemployment Rate
Unemployment (% of labour force) · lower is better
RussiaWorld median
Russia fell from 10.58 in 2000 to 2.133 in 2025; the world median went from 6.918 to 5.084.
Every year’s figures
Year Russia World median 2025 2.133 5.08 2024 2.430 5.15 2023 3.076 5.21 2022 3.867 5.34 2021 4.749 6.04 2020 5.620 6.38 2019 4.513 5.36 2018 4.871 5.35 2017 5.238 5.59 2016 5.591 5.90 2015 5.615 6.41 2014 5.212 6.58 2013 5.513 6.71 2012 5.484 6.79 2011 6.571 6.90 2010 7.407 7.04 2009 8.301 6.67 2008 6.205 5.79 2007 6.002 6.00 2006 7.055 6.50 2005 7.124 7.09 2004 7.763 6.80 2003 8.210 6.95 2002 7.875 6.91 2001 8.978 6.96 2000 10.581 6.92 Vulnerable Employment
Vulnerable employment (% of total employment) · lower is better
RussiaWorld median
Russia fell from 6.074 in 2000 to 4.931 in 2025; the world median went from 35.67 to 28.67.
Every year’s figures
Year Russia World median 2025 4.93 28.67 2024 5.01 29.04 2023 5.20 29.33 2022 5.26 29.67 2021 5.43 30.01 2020 5.45 30.54 2019 5.31 29.98 2018 5.44 30.15 2017 5.32 29.93 2016 6.25 29.91 2015 5.97 30.26 2014 5.92 30.47 2013 6.04 31.14 2012 5.76 31.00 2011 5.86 31.41 2010 5.57 32.37 2009 5.75 32.59 2008 5.52 31.76 2007 5.59 33.47 2006 5.64 34.27 2005 5.71 34.66 2004 5.74 35.51 2003 5.82 35.90 2002 5.87 35.96 2001 5.91 35.27 2000 6.07 35.67
03In context
Russia beside its neighbours
A position reads best beside the countries around it. Every position below is a place among all 182 countries on work & labour, never a place within the region.
Russia and the countries it borders
Standing among all 182; the key columns are the publishers’ own values.
| Country | Standing | Employment-to-Population RatioEmployed share of the population aged 15+ (%) | Labour Income ShareLabour income share of GDP (%) | Unemployment RateUnemployment (% of labour force) | Vulnerable EmploymentVulnerable employment (% of total employment) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Belarus | =8th | 60.63 | 54.56 | 3.38 | 6.327 |
| Russia | 13th | 59.81 | 48.31 | 2.133 | 4.931 |
 Norway | =31st | 62.56 | 45.93 | 4.637 | 4.166 |
 Estonia | =37th | 59.71 | 58.76 | 8.313 | 7.093 |
 Latvia | 42nd | 56.55 | 66.5 | 6.568 | 8.615 |
 Polandcompare | 47th | 56.58 | 49.59 | 2.976 | 14.98 |
 Lithuania | 48th | 58.68 | 56.77 | 6.731 | 10.36 |
 Chinacompare | 60th | 61.57 | 51.23 | 4.615 | 33.4 |
 Kazakhstan | 69th | 64.54 | 41.33 | 4.771 | 24.79 |
 North Korea | 81st | 79.24 | 38.55 | 3.545 | 56.77 |
 Finland | 82nd | 54.03 | 54.08 | 9.461 | 9.462 |
 Azerbaijan | =110th | 59.83 | 48.23 | 5.457 | 53.84 |
 Georgia | 132nd | 56.53 | 51.8 | 12.1 | 42.41 |
 Mongolia | 148th | 56.56 | 32.88 | 5.233 | 38.37 |
 Ukraine | not placed | — | — | — | — |
“—”: no published reading in that edition. What a standing is
Across Eastern Europe
Every country in the sub-region, by its place among all 182.
Placed either side on work & labour
The countries immediately above and below Russia in the topic’s list.
04Context, no vote
Where Russia is ahead of the world, and behind
29 more statistics filed under work & labour, published in full and deliberately given no vote in the standing. Select a row for the publisher, the rank and the links.
Ahead of the world median16
Statistics on which Russia does better than the middle country measured.
Working Poverty RateILO · 2025 · world median 4.8850.014.885No real change since 2015
Russia: 0.01 · world median 4.885 · Employed people living in extreme poverty (%). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0.007 to 86.02; lower is better.
Unemployment Benefit CoverageILO · 2024 · world median 061.90No earlier reading
Russia: 61.9 · world median 0 · Unemployed people receiving unemployment benefits (%). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 100; higher is better.
Length of Paid Maternity LeaveWorld Bank Group · 2025 · world median 9814098No real change since 2015
Russia: 140 · world median 98 · Paid maternity leave set in law (calendar days). World Bank Group, 2026 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 410; higher is better.
Youth Not in Education, Employment or TrainingILO · 2024 · world median 14.318.42414.31▲ Improved since 2014
Russia: 8.424 · world median 14.31 · Youth not in education, employment or training (%). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 3.975 to 65.73; lower is better.
Position 79th of 97 · derived, 1st = worst.
Trade Union DensityILO · 2020 · world median 16.6827.4516.68No earlier reading
Russia: 27.45 · world median 16.68 · Employees who are trade union members (%). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2020 edition, data for 2020.
Published values in that edition run from 0.2 to 91.42; higher is better.
Position 31st of 139 · derived.
Female Share of Senior and Middle ManagementILO · 2024 · world median 35.8640.8535.86▼ Worsened since 2014
Russia: 40.85 · world median 35.86 · Women in senior and middle management (% of managers). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 7.226 to 56.69; higher is better.
Position 21st of 86 · derived.
Youth Unemployment RateILO · 2025 · world median 12.837.61312.83▲ Improved since 2015
Russia: 7.613 · world median 12.83 · Unemployment, ages 15-24 (% of youth labour force). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0.457 to 76.77; lower is better.
Position 137th of 182 · derived, 1st = worst.
GDP per Person EmployedWorld Bank Group · 2025 · world median 47,38486,81847,384▲ Improved since 2015
Russia: 86,818 · world median 47,384 · GDP per person employed (constant 2021 international $). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 2,456 to 262,554; higher is better.
Position 43rd of 168 · derived.
Firms with a Female Top ManagerWorld Bank Group · 2025 · world median 19.1624.2519.16No earlier reading
Russia: 24.25 · world median 19.16 · Firms with a female top manager (%). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 1.429 to 62.9; higher is better.
Position 47th of 179 · derived.
Labour Productivity per Hour WorkedILO · 2025 · world median 22.1643.1622.16No real change since 2015
Russia: 43.16 · world median 22.16 · Output per hour worked (constant 2021 international $ at PPP). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0.92 to 164.65; higher is better.
Position 52nd of 182 · derived.
Firms Competing Against Informal FirmsWorld Bank Group · 2026 · world median 41.8128.2441.81No earlier reading
Russia: 28.24 · world median 41.81 · Firms competing against unregistered or informal firms (%). World Bank Group, 2026 edition, data for 2026.
Published values in that edition run from 1.926 to 90.5; lower is better.
Position 129th of 181 · derived, 1st = worst.
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Value Added per WorkerWorld Bank Group · 2025 · world median 6,74216,7876,742▲ Improved since 2015
Russia: 16,787 · world median 6,742 · Agricultural value added per worker (constant 2015 US$). World Bank Group, 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 210.77 to 150,632; higher is better.
Position 47th of 151 · derived.
Human Capital Wealth per CapitaWorld Bank Group · 2020 · world median 25,23056,96225,230▼ Worsened since 2010
Russia: 56,962 · world median 25,230 · Human capital per person — present value of future earnings (real chained 2019 US$). World Bank Group, 2020 edition, data for 2020.
Published values in that edition run from 700.38 to 735,422; higher is better.
Position 53rd of 151 · derived.
Informal Employment RateILO · 2025 · world median 36.7619.2336.76No earlier reading
Russia: 19.23 · world median 36.76 · Informal employment (% of total employment). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0.857 to 94.44; lower is better.
Position 60th of 97 · derived, 1st = worst.
Employment Injury Protection CoverageILO · 2024 · world median 45.965.245.9No earlier reading
Russia: 65.2 · world median 45.9 · Labour force covered in the event of a work injury (%). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 100; higher is better.
Female Labour Force Participation RateILO · 2025 · world median 53.3654.5553.36▼ Worsened since 2015
Russia: 54.55 · world median 53.36 · Women aged 15+ in the labour force (%). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 4.663 to 82.91; higher is better.
Position 85th of 182 · derived.
Behind the world median5
Statistics on which Russia does worse than the middle country measured.
Labour Force Participation RateILO · 2025 · world median 61.6661.1161.66▼ Worsened since 2015
Russia: 61.11 · world median 61.66 · Population aged 15+ in the labour force (%). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 23.34 to 87.01; higher is better.
Position 96th of 182 · derived.
Compliance with Labour RightsILO · 2024 · world median 1.613.711.61▼ Worsened since 2015
Russia: 3.71 · world median 1.61 · Compliance with freedom of association and collective bargaining rights (0 = best, 10 = worst). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 10; lower is better.
Length of Paid Paternity LeaveWorld Bank Group · 2025 · world median 303▼ Worsened since 2015
Russia: 0 · world median 3 · Paid paternity leave set in law (calendar days). World Bank Group, 2026 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0 to 196; higher is better.
Firms Offering Formal TrainingWorld Bank Group · 2026 · world median 32.0711.7932.07No earlier reading
Russia: 11.79 · world median 32.07 · Firms offering formal training to permanent full-time workers (%). World Bank Group, 2026 edition, data for 2026.
Published values in that edition run from 1.42 to 79.12; higher is better.
Fatal Occupational InjuriesILO · 2023 · world median 2.0055.32.005▼ Worsened since 2013
Russia: 5.3 · world median 2.005 · Fatal occupational injuries per 100,000 workers. International Labour Organization (ILO), 2023 edition, data for 2023.
Published values in that edition run from 0.12 to 8.409; lower is better.
No better end8
These describe the shape of a country — more is not better or worse, only different — so they are never ahead or behind.
Public Sector EmploymentWorld Bank Group · 2022 · world median 15.0144.9315.01No earlier reading
Russia: 44.93 · world median 15.01 · Public sector employment (% of total employment). World Bank Group, 2022 edition, data for 2022.
Published values in that edition run from 1.672 to 47.1.
Position 2nd of 135 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Employment in IndustryILO · 2025 · world median 18.8825.8318.88Moved since 2015
Russia: 25.83 · world median 18.88 · Employment in industry (% of total employment). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 3.103 to 39.44.
Position 39th of 182 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Employment in ServicesILO · 2025 · world median 59.5169.0659.51No real change since 2015
Russia: 69.06 · world median 59.51 · Employment in services (% of total employment). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 11.56 to 92.17.
Position 63rd of 182 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Statutory Minimum WageILO · 2024 · world median 657.95662.38657.95Moved since 2014
Russia: 662.38 · world median 657.95 · Statutory minimum wage per month (2021 PPP $). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 4.038 to 3,804.
Average Weekly Hours WorkedILO · 2025 · world median 38.8938.1938.89No real change since 2015
Russia: 38.19 · world median 38.89 · Average weekly hours actually worked per employed person. International Labour Organization (ILO), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 23.64 to 54.7.
Position 101st of 182 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Employment in AgricultureILO · 2025 · world median 14.385.10914.38No real change since 2015
Russia: 5.109 · world median 14.38 · Employment in agriculture (% of total employment). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0.095 to 85.34.
Position 127th of 182 · derived, counted from the highest value.
Share of Temporary EmployeesILO · 2024 · world median 13.452.24313.45Moved since 2014
Russia: 2.243 · world median 13.45 · Employees on temporary contracts (% of employees). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2024 edition, data for 2024.
Published values in that edition run from 0.337 to 72.78.
Self-Employment RateILO · 2025 · world median 31.846.32331.84No real change since 2015
Russia: 6.323 · world median 31.84 · Self-employed (% of total employment). International Labour Organization (ILO), 2025 edition, data for 2025.
Published values in that edition run from 0.832 to 91.56.
Position 174th of 182 · derived, counted from the highest value.
No current reading for Russia
Average Monthly Earnings of Employees (last 2021), Composite Rate of Labour Underutilisation (LU4), Gini Index of Monthly Earnings, Labour Inspectors per 10,000 Employed Persons and Low Pay Rate. Listed rather than hidden, so the page can be checked against it.
“Position · derived” is this site’s ordering of the published values, 1st = best unless the row says otherwise; the publisher ranks no country on it. Rank, position and standing
05Country Index 2026
Work & Labour among Russia’s 15 topics
Work & Labour is Russia’s best-placed topic of 15. Strongest first, each marker at its share of that topic’s field.
- Work & Labour13th of 1824/4 keys
- Digital & Technologyjoint 34th of 1984/4 keys
- Development & Human Capital42nd of 1963/3 keys
- Food & Agriculture40th of 1844/4 keys
- Poverty & Inequality38th of 1593/3 keys
- Mobility & Trade62nd of 1772/4 keys
- Health & Wellbeing73rd of 2002/4 keys
- Economy & Innovation66th of 1764/4 keys
- Education & Knowledge83rd of 1984/4 keys
- Risk & Resilience86th of 1934/4 keys
- Gender & Equalityjoint 122nd of 1833/4 keys
- Governance & Institutions148th of 1944/4 keys
- Environment & Sustainabilityjoint 166th of 1864/4 keys
- Democracy & Civil Liberties183rd of 1984/4 keys
- Peace & Securityjoint 171st of 1774/4 keys
No standing on Energy: too few of those topics’ key statistics are published for this country.
06The top of the list
Who leads on work & labour
The three countries placed highest of 182, and the leaders Russia can most readily be measured against.
1
IcelandNorthern Europe
1st of 182 · 4 of 4 keys
Photo: Hansueli Krapf · CC BY-SA 3.0, greyscale
2
JapanEastern Asia
2nd of 182 · 4 of 4 keys
Photo: JurriaanH · CC BY-SA 3.0, greyscale
3
South KoreaEastern Asia
3rd of 182 · 4 of 4 keys
Photo: Unknown author · CC BY-SA 2.0, greyscale
Placed highest nearby
Highest in Europe
Iceland1st4/4 keysHighest in Eastern Europe
Belarus=8th4/4 keysThis page
Russia13th4/4 keys
Positions out of 182 placed on the topic. A country needs readings on enough keys to be placed, and the top of the list is often held on fewer of them.
07Analysis
Charts and analysis about Russia and work & labour
On work & labour
Countries in Asia with the highest average salaries 2024
Thirteen Asian countries by gross average monthly wage, each carrying its WORLD rank rather than an Asian one — so the numbers skip, from 11th place to 45th.
On work & labour
Countries With The Highest Average Salaries in 2024
The ten highest-paying countries of 2024, their bars coloured by continent, and six more added for comparison — from Australia in 13th place to India in 85th.
On work & labour
Countries With The Lowest Average Salaries in 2024
The bottom ten of 196 countries, and six more added for comparison. Niger, Madagascar and Liberia are all published at US$47 a month and still carry three different ranks.
08Questions
Russia on work & labour: questions answered
Every answer is built from the numbers on this page, so none can say something the page does not.
How does Russia rank on work & labour?
Russia is placed 13th of 182 countries on Work & Labour in the Country Index 2026, from 4 of its 4 key statistics (Employment-to-Population Ratio, Labour Income Share, Unemployment Rate and Vulnerable Employment). The position is this site’s ordering of published statistics, not a rank any publisher printed.
What is the latest Employment-to-Population Ratio figure for Russia?
59.81 in 2025 (employed share of the population aged 15+ (%)), according to International Labour Organization (ILO). The world median in the same edition was 57.72.
What is the latest Labour Income Share figure for Russia?
48.31 in 2025 (labour income share of GDP (%)), according to International Labour Organization (ILO). The world median in the same edition was 46.23.
How does Russia compare with China on work & labour?
China is placed 60th of 182, and Russia 13th. Employment-to-Population Ratio: China 61.57, Russia 59.81; Labour Income Share: China 51.23, Russia 48.31; Unemployment Rate: China 4.615, Russia 2.133; Vulnerable Employment: China 33.4, Russia 4.931.
How have Russia’s work & labour figures changed?
Employment-to-Population Ratio rose from 54.79 in 2000 to 59.81 in 2025; Labour Income Share fell from 49.75 in 2004 to 48.31 in 2025; Unemployment Rate fell from 10.58 in 2000 to 2.133 in 2025; Vulnerable Employment fell from 6.074 in 2000 to 4.931 in 2025.
Which work & labour statistics are missing for Russia?
No current reading is published for Russia on Average Monthly Earnings of Employees, Composite Rate of Labour Underutilisation (LU4), Gini Index of Monthly Earnings, Labour Inspectors per 10,000 Employed Persons and Low Pay Rate. They are listed rather than hidden, so the evidence on the page can be checked against it.
09Method
Method, sources and how to cite
What this topic does not measure
Wages in money terms are not a key here, because pay figures are hard to compare fairly across countries with very different prices. Labour productivity, working hours, youth unemployment and the balance between farming, industry and services are published on this page as context. The size and growth of the wider economy belong to Economy & Innovation.
How the Work & Labour standing is decided
A standing is this site’s ordering, named with its edition — never a publisher’s rank. 4 key statistics vote, one vote each; every country’s published value becomes a place within that key’s own field, the places are averaged, and the average is never published. A country needs 2 of the 4 keys to be placed.
The work & labour method, step by stepHow every standing on this site is built
The key statistics and their licences
- Employment-to-Population Ratio — International Labour Organization (ILO), CC BY 4.0
- Labour Income Share — International Labour Organization (ILO), CC BY 4.0
- Unemployment Rate — International Labour Organization (ILO), CC BY 4.0
- Vulnerable Employment — International Labour Organization (ILO), CC BY 4.0
The other 29 statistics on this page come from 2 publishers, each named beside its numbers, with every edition and licence on the datasets pages.
The standing itself is part of the Country Index 2026, published under CC BY-SA 4.0.
Photographs
Russia’s banner and the countries placed highest, from their profiles: Wikimedia Commons, shown in greyscale, each used under the licence named.
- Russia (banner) — Strokin.ru derivative work: Jjtkk, CC BY 3.0
- Iceland — Hansueli Krapf, CC BY-SA 3.0
- Japan — JurriaanH, CC BY-SA 3.0
- South Korea — Unknown author, CC BY-SA 2.0
Cite this page
Nations Inquiry (2026). Russia: Work & Labour — standing and statistics, Country Index 2026. https://nationsinquiry.com/countries/russia/work